جایگاه گروه‌های قیدی و وصفی در چهارمقاله نظامی عروضی براساس نظریة مقوله و میزان هلیدی

The Majma’ al-Nawader or Chahar Magale, written in prose in 551 H. for the king of Ghoriyye Bamiyya (Al-Shansab-Ali Ghori, Jahansuz), is about the need for kings to have four classes (scribes, poets, astronomers and physicians) to establish their rule. It consists of an introduction and four chapters, each of which has 10 and sometimes 12 stories. The four-article structured prose is intermediate between the mursal and technical prose. The descriptive study of the structures of words, compounds, sentences and how the adverbs and adjectives used in the syntactic structure of speech, along with the stems of verbs (nominal part with compound verb) of the four-article is a linguistic study and helps in understanding the course of language development. The findings of this descriptive-analytical research based on the theory of category and Halliday's measure show that the use of structures such as co-ordinate adverbial and adverbial words and sentences, and Arabic verb stems with high frequency, have paved the way for the expansion of sentences and changes in the structure of sentences and speech. In addition, the use of Arabic sources, subject nouns, object nouns, and a large number of similar adjectives, with the high frequency of the use of two verbs of speech and hearing, as well as the abundance of compound sentences that are inconsistent with simple sentences, has led to the emergence of extended sentences and the introduction of infinitives. Necessary verbs have been used less than transitive verbs, and the use of the verbs, “hast”, “ast”, “bud”, “bovad”, “gasht”, “gardid” and “aamad” is more frequent than other necessary verbs that are aware of the educational content and educational aspect of the text. These changes have been made to highlight the text in terms of language, thought, and literature, and as a result, a change in style.
 
Extended Abstract
1.Introduction
The syntactic structure of the Persian language and its sentences and the morphological structure of compounds and compound words with the use of nouns (both active and passive) and infinitives and adjectives similar to Arabic led to the expansion of the vocabulary field and the empowerment of writers and editors in writing sources and texts. In the meantime, adverbial and descriptive groups in the Persian language were used frequently to explain the text and its atmosphere as much as possible, and with this change, simple and short sentences of the mursal style were transformed into long and compound sentences, and simple sentences prevailed in terms of frequency.
The derivational structure of the Arabic language allowed Iranian scholars who studied the Arabic language for various educational, religious, governmental requirements, etc. reasons to use various structures of Arabic words in the Persian language.
This was a borrowing that added to the richness of the Persian language, which seemed not to be far removed from the weaknesses of the Pahlavi language. This was a borrowing that added to the richness of the Persian language, which seemed not to be far removed from the weaknesses of the Pahlavi language.
It is believed that in these lexical borrowings, Arabic adjectives and derivations, which have a greater lexical meaning than other words due to the nature of the word, were more welcomed than other categories of the Arabic language. And since changing the grammatical class of these Arabic words (derivatives and adjectives) in Persian sometimes did not require changing the word structure or using special signs and movements, they were easily used in different classes of words, from prepositions and adjectives, verb bases, nouns, and noun pronouns, and became Iranian.
The writing of books such as the Siasat-Nameh, Siral-ul-Mulk, and Khodaynameh, which included the way kings acted in situations and issues that arose for them, in addition to sociological and psychological information, also had an educational purpose and educational aspect for past kings who often came to power by force of the sword and perhaps rose from slavery to the rank of Vashaqi and Hajibi, and then to the rank of Emir and Sepahsalra.
Such was the case of Sabokatkin Ghaznavi, who, by removing his Samanid patron, ruled over a part of his territory. The Seljuks were in a similar situation to the Ghaznavids. One of the kings of the Ghoriyya (Al-Shansab) who were able to rule Herat, Ghazni, Bamyan and Takharistan from 543 to 612 AH, after dominating the Ghaznavids, was Husam al-Din Abul-Hasan Ali Ghori, for whom Nizami Aruzi wrote the Four Articles. And, looking at himself and his abilities, he saw the necessity of the existence of four classes of scholars and scholars as necessary and essential for the Ghori king and other kings and their courts: scribes, poets, astronomers and physicians.
2.Theoretical framework
One of the rules based on the theory of structural linguistics is the description of the grammatical structure of the Persian language, which is written based on Halliday's category and measure theory. In this theory, the category is a defining and includes four parts: unit, structure, class, and system, and the measure shows the aspects of appearance, analysis, and levels. Perhaps it can be said with tolerance that the category pays more attention to the morphological aspect of the language, and the measure deals with the syntactic aspect of the language.
The determination of the sentence, clause, group, word, and vocable is done in the units section. The way a word is placed in a sentence or the determination of the association relationship between words and groups is examined in the section on determining the structure and construction. The determination of the type of noun, adjective, adverb, verb, and prepositional groups is examined in the category classes section. Finally, the division of the components within the group into smaller components and the determination of structures that can no longer be divided into smaller units are studied and examined in the category systems section. In fact, categories are the infrastructures of sentences and, since they are structured, they can be divided into smaller components. In the scale section of this theory, how grammatical rules are transformed into sentences and the rules of syntactic construction are examined. In the analysis section of the theory, the multi-part nature of sentences and the presence or absence of a verb group are examined. In the hierarchy branch, clauses (coherence and incoherence), groups and the part of a group of words are determined. Categories deal with the vertical and optional axis, and scale deals with the horizontal and chain axis of sentences and language. This theory has a structuralist perspective and avoids semanticism as much as possible. (Quoted in meaning and abbreviated: Batani, 2007: 35-73)
It should be added that Halliday (2014: 87) then, in his grammatical role-oriented view, which has a considerable semantic orientation, pays special attention to the context of the situation that expresses the context of speech and studies the components of the semantic system of language in logical and empirical relations, intertextual relations and interpersonal relations. This view, along with the meta-syntactic functions of speech and the goals and functions of the sentence and language, studies beyond the sentence and reveals the common context and mentalities between the speaker and the listener (writer and reader) that determine discourse and facilitate communication. Agha Golzadeh (2015:88) also believes that “role-oriented views of language are semantic and believe that language has a functional and instrumental role in society and the social system and is a tool for meeting needs and communication, etc., and in general, in this view, the text finds its meaning in the functional context.” The study of adverbs and adjectives of a work is related to the category section in terms of structure and to the quantity section in terms of chain connection.
3.Methodology and Research Question
This descriptive-structuralist essay, using an inductive and selective method and based on Haliday's category and measure theory, has selected, examined and analyzed the stories of chapters four and five of the four articles of the Samarqandi Prose System with the only story mentioned in the introduction of the work, syntactically, structurally and grammatically. The reason why the introductions of the chapters were not analyzed is that they did not express the entirety of the text and its syntactic structure; however, the stories more or less include the general characteristics of the book, with the difference that Arabic words have less lexical and semantic complexity and scientific terms than the introductions of the chapters. This essay is an answer to the question of how the restrictive and descriptive groups and clauses are used in the syntactic structure of the four articles?
4.Results & Discussion
 The findings show that the use of structures such as co-ordinate adverbial and descriptive words and sentences, and high-frequency Arabic verb stems, have paved the way for the expansion of sentences and changes in sentence structure, vocabulary, and style of speech.
5.Conclusions & Suggestions
 The four articles, which have received less attention from a linguistic point of view, have a dual prose. This essay, by describing the construction of the adverbs and adjectives of the four articles, has provided the basis for historical and evolutionary studies of language. Most likely, in the era of the prosody system, it was not possible to change the style and highlight the text by using imagery or changing the use of verbs and letters as much as adverbs and adjectives. Therefore, the author has made his individual style different from the simple and direct style in terms of thought by showing himself as wise, and in terms of language by increasing the frequency of adverbs and adjectives, by borrowing from Arabic words, expressing details, and constructing extensive and complex sentences, and in terms of literary space by creating atmosphere. On the other hand, although the author does not speak of his discourse of awareness and influence, signs of the author's instillation of wisdom and the educational nature of the text can be detected by expressing details and in its simplicity and fluency (for the audience). The use of adverbs and adjectives in dependent clauses of compound sentences is more than the use of infinitives, and there are more adverbs of time than other adverbs, and adverbs of adjectives occupy a large part of compound sentences. The use of transitive verbs with an Arabic verb base is much greater than that of imperative verbs, and the verbs of "to hear" and "to hear" are used much more frequently and are used frequently in the construction of compound sentences. The presence of linking verbs (“ast”, “hast”, “bud”, “bovad”, “gasht”, “gardid”, “amad” and “shod” …etc.) is more frequent than other verbs, which, by constructing their three news parts, require the use of more descriptive groups and reveal the news content and educational aspect of having four articles. Arabic loanwords are mostly of the type of adjectives, subject nouns, object nouns, and adverbs, which are often used as adverbs.
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