ضمیر مشترک «خود»، کاربردها و معانی متنوع آن (مطالعۀ موردی: دیوان شرف‌الدین شفروۀ اصفهانی)

Some types of words in Persian grammar, such as common pronouns, sometimes have various uses and meanings, which are often not paid much attention to. Among these pronouns in the Dīvān of Sharaf al-din Shafarvah Isfahani, a poet who lived in the 6th century AH, is the common pronoun "xod". This pronoun is apparently one of the words of this poet which has also found its way into the language of his poetry. The various meanings of "xod", its uses and the role it plays in correcting the court's text are noteworthy. In this article, we will discuss various meanings of this pronoun and its roles, and then we will examine the role of the pronoun "xod" in correcting the text, as an intratextual element, by citing examples.
 
Extended abstract
1.Introduction
The Persian language have capacities that sometimes remain hidden from the reader's eye, capacities that are occasionally utilized in spoken language but have been overlooked in grammatical resources. Among these are the common pronouns that have diverse applications and meanings, which often do not receive much attention. In this research, the various applications and meanings of the pronoun "xod" (خود) are explored in an old Divān of poetry that has not yet been published. This Divān is the work of Sharaf al-din Shafarvah Isfahani, a poet and preacher who lived in the 6th and early 7th centuries AH. Besides being fluent in the Persian language and the Isfahani dialect of his time, Shafarvah also had a good command of Arabic, and there are indications of his familiarity with the Mongolian and Turkish languages in his poetry. The pronoun "xod" appears to be one of the colloquial expressions of this poet that has also found its way into his poetic language. Various meanings of "xod", its applications, and the role it plays in the correction of the text of the Divān are noteworthy.
2.Theoretical Framework
In this article, various meanings of the pronoun "xod" (خود) and its roles are discussed, followed by an examination of the role of the pronoun "xod" in text correction as an intratextual element, with examples provided. This research demonstrates that the Persian language has hidden capacities that need to be scrutinized and investigated. The pronoun "xod" was studied as a case example from the Persian language, and its different meanings and applications were presented.
3.Research Method
First, the relevant grammatical resources related to the topic of the article were studied, and a general understanding was gathered. Based on the existing manuscripts of Shafarvah's poetry, verses containing the pronoun "xod" (خود) were extracted. Then, the meanings and applications of this pronoun were examined with an analytical-descriptive approach. Finally, using the method of critical editing and considering the pronoun "xod" in Shafarvah's poetry, several verses were corrected.
4.Findings and Discussion
Shafarvah has his own unique language. He is a preacher whose audience consists of the common people, and for this reason, he uses a colloquial language when speaking to them. On the other hand, he is a poet who fluent both in Persian and Arabic and is aware of the capacities of both languages, which we can see in the words and phrases he has created. In his poetry, Shafarvah predominantly employs a conversational tone, and one of the recurring words in his poetry, which appears nearly three hundred times, is the pronoun "xod" (خود).
By searching for this pronoun in Shafarvah's poetry, we have reached some conclusions: the pronoun "xod" sometimes appears alone in a sentence, meaning that there is neither a preposition before it nor a genitive construction after it; in this case, apart from having an emphatic meaning, it can take on various meanings. Such usages are rare today. Many of these meanings do not have examples in dictionaries and grammatical sources, and the author has provided examples from Shafarvah's poetry for each of them. Among these meanings are: "whether"(آیا) , "alone"(به‌تنهایی) , "exclusively"(منحصراً) , "only"(فقط) , "while"(در حالی‌که) , "whereas" (حال آن‌که) , "even"(حتّی) , "at all"(اصلاً) , "never"(هرگز) , "absolutely"(مطلقاً) , "indeed"(در واقع) , "certainly"(حقیقتاً) , "in fact"(یقیناً) , "but"(امّا) .
The "xod" in a sentence takes on various roles of a noun, some of which have been mentioned in grammatical texts, along with evidence for them. Grammarians have categorized the different roles of the common pronoun "xod" under two general headings: the common reflexive pronoun and the emphatic common pronoun. In this article, we will add examples based on the poetry of Shafarvah: appositive (coreferential with the subject), emphatic pronoun, role emphasis, direct object (coreferential with the subject), possessive noun (possessive object/ possessed noun), complement (coreferential with the subject).
Additionally, sometimes the agreement of manuscripts and attention to the linguistic and semantic features of Shafarvah's poetry support the correctness of the recording of "xod" in the text; although the recordings in other manuscripts are not incorrect either. Examples for this case have also been provided.
5.Conclusion
By examining the linguistic components of a text and discovering its language patterns, a more refined version of the text can be achieved. Furthermore, such analyses provide new evidence to the resources of Persian grammar and also allow for the critique of these sources. In this article, with regard to the pronoun "xod" (خود) in the works of Sharaf al-din Shafarvah Isfahani, we found examples that more precisely delineate the semantic range of this pronoun.
 
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