Investigation the System and Morphology of the Verb in the Bolkheyr Dialect

Bolkheyr village is the center of Bolkheyr rural district of Delvar district in Tangestan county of Bushehr province. Bolkheyr dialect is a type of Tangsir dialect. To form the linguistic corpus of this research, interviews with speakers were used to record their speech, and the method of carrying out this research is a combination of field and descriptive–analytical methods with a library tools. The data have been collected and described with the help of the International Phonetic Alphabet. In this research, constructions of the verbs, the place of stress and Morphology of verbs in mood, different tenses and aspects have been analyzed. Based on the results, the verb in this dialect has two participle, past or present, and imperative, subjunctive or indicative moods. One of the important features of this dialect is the ergative active participle of past transitive verbs. This state is split-ergativity in the Bolkheyr dialect. In this dialect, Morphology of verbs are used in the present and past tenses, and there is no standard Persian future verb structure and the same indicative present is also used to express the future. Stress on most positive and negative verbs of this dialect is on the first syllable.
Extended abstract
1.Introduction
"Tangestan" county is one of the regions of Bushehr province, which is worthy of attention in terms of dialectology, dialectal and accent diversity, and the originality of words. "Bolkheyr" is one of the rural district of Delvar district of Tangistan county, the center of which is the village of Bolkheyr. Bolkheyr rural district is bordered by Delvar rural district from the north, Dashti county from the south and east, and Persian Gulf from the west. The people of this village speak Bolkheyr dialect.
Among the most important issues related to the activity in the field of this authentic dialect, we can point out the lack of scientific and linguistic researches about the Tangsir dialect, especially in the Bolkheyr district, and the gradual forgetting of the spoken examples of this dialect. Knowing the Bolkheyr dialect can also help to understand some grammatical and lexical problems of the Persian language.
The purpose of this research is to investigate the verb system in the Bolkheyr dialect, which was done by relying on the linguistic corpus. Knowing this, both the grammar analysis was done and a part of its selected vocabulary was given as a sample, for the readers to be familiar with the dialect.
2.Theoretical Framework
The foundation of this research (Corpus) formed based on the guide book for collecting Iranian dialects, with the approach of exploring the demands of the research (examination of the device and Morphology of the verb in the Bolkheyr dialect). In analyzing the linguistic Corpus, in the field of structure and Morphology and grammatical topics related to verbs and pronouns, we have referred to the following books: "Persian grammar from the perspective of typology" by Shahrazad Mahutian, understanding Syntax by Maggie Tallerman, Persian Language History by Mohsen Abolqasemi, "Persian Language Syntax" by Hasan Anvari and Hasan Ahmadi-Givi and "The Making of Persian Language" by Jalal Rahimian.
3.Methodology
The method of conducting this research is a combination of field and descriptive-analytical methods with a library tool, and the required data is also collected using the same methods and with the help of the International Phonetic Alphabet (I.P.A). In this research, several speakers (10 people in total) have been interviewed, most of them are illiterate (four men and three women, mostly 60 years old. The steps of the current research can be presented as follows:
1- Selection of authentic and native speakers of the region.
2- Interviewing selected speakers and recording their speech.
3- Transcription and translation of the speech recorded from speakers.
4- Analyzing the linguistic corpus and achieving the research demands in the field of the device and morphology of verb.
4.Results & Discussion
In Bolkheyr dialect, the verb has the characteristics of person and number, tense, transitive, mood, and BAB (forms), and almost all constructions of definite and indefinite past tense and present participle verbs in Standard Persian can be found in it as well. However, the special structure of future verbs, similar to what we have in Persian (such as “I will go”), does not exist in the dialect, and the same present participle construction is also used to express the future. In most of the positive and negative verbs of the Bolkheyr dialect, the reliance is on the first syllable. In this dialect, past and present stems are the building blocks of verbs. The past stem in this dialect are usually made by adding /-i/ or /-d/ to the present stem. The present stem in this dialect is usually a remnant of the Middle Persian period. In general, in this dialect, the agreement between the subject and the verb is the same as in standard Persian, and the verb agrees to the subject of the sentence in terms of person & number. In terms of role, words in this dialect often have a specific position. Of course, the structural arrangement in some cases has flexibility. For example, in this dialect, the verb is usually placed at the end of the sentence like standard Persian; but rarely, the penultimate sentence is also seen. In this dialect, there are imperative, subjunctive or indicative moods. The ergative mode (a heritage of Pahlavi Middle Persian Grammar) can be seen in the subject of most of the past transitive verbs of Bolkheyr dialect, which is very similar to the ergative structure of Ardakani dialect (spoken in Fars province in Iran). This mode is split-ergativity in the dialect of Bolkheyr, and saving exceptional cases, it is not seen in the present and future tenses.
5.Conclusion & Suggestions
Based on the results, the verb in this dialect has two participles, past or present, and imperative, subjunctive or indicative moods. One of the important features of this dialect is the ergative active participle of past transitive verbs. This state is split-ergativity in the Bolkheyr dialect. In this dialect, conjugation of verbs is used in the present and past tenses, and present indicative is also used to express the future. On most of the affirmative and negative verbs of the dialect stress is on the first syllable.
Select Bibliography
Anvari, H. and Ahmadi-Givi, H. Persian grammar. 2 vol. Fatemi Publications. 2016. [In Persian]
Comrie, B. "Ergativity, In Syntactic Typology: Studies in the Phenomenology of Language". Austin: University of Texas Press, 1978; 329-94.
Gholami, S. Linguistics study of Tangsir dialect (Bolkheyr): Phonetics, Morphology, Syntax, Etymology and Research in Selected Vocabulary. Master's thesis Ancient languages ​​of Iran, Shiraz University. 2021. [In Persian]
Gholami, S. and Hajiyani, F. "Description of the phonological system of the Bolkheyr dialect using the IPA method". Iranian Linguistics and Dialects. 2023; 8(2): 185-215. [In Persian] doi: 10.22099/JILL.2023.48056.1353
Hajiyani, F."Comparative and historical investigation of ergative verb construction in dialects Ardakani, Dashti, Dashtaki, Yazd's Jews and Lari". Teaching language skills, 2018; (1): 21- 40. [In Persian]
Khalili, M. Descriptive-diachronic study of the phonological system and Morphology of nouns and verbs Tangsir dialect. Master's Thesis of Ancient Iranian Languages, Bu-Ali University of Hamedan. 2019. [In Persian] 
Persian Language and Literature Academy. Guide to collecting Iranian dialects. Tehran. 2019. [In Persian]
Pur-ebrahim, Sh. and Vahedi-Langrudi, M M. "Description and review of the verb system In the dialect of Delvar". Special issue of Persian Language and Literature Academy: Iranian languages ​​and dialects, 2012; (2): 107-123. [In Persian]
Silverstein, M. "Hierarchy of Features and Ergativity, In Grammatical Categories in Australian Languages, R. M. W. Dixon (Ed.), Canberra: Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies, 1976; 112-171.
Tallerman, M. Understanding Syntax, 4^rd Ed., London: Hodder Education. 2015.