Emphatic discourse markers in Persian: Evidence from three telefilms

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 (PhD), Bu-Ali Sinā University, Hamedān

2 (PhD) student in linguistics at Bu-Ali Sinā University, Hamedān

Abstract

Discourse markers are of the most important elements of the language system, especially the conversational and informal language. Today, the study of discourse markers is one of the newest and most important topics in linguistics. This is important because speeches which lack these linguistic units are incomprehensible, imperfect and not clear enough. These linguistic units perform different functions in a language system and "the emphatic function" is one of them. Speakers emphasize on a specific part or the whole of a discourse using these discourse markers. Of course, based on the fact that "emphasis" is a complex issue in the language system, different tools are used to express it. Discourse markers are one of these tools. In this research, the emphatic discourse markers are analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively based on the two-fold framework of Brinton (1996), according to functional approach, and in pragmatics sphere. For this purpose, a colloquial corpus has been selected, which consists of three telefilms such as "panj ta panj", "ye bilit šāns", and "amu jān hitler".

Keywords


آقایی، ا [فیلم­نامه­نویس]. 1395. یه بلیط شانس. [فیلم سینمایی] کارگردان م، ابراهیمی. 80 دقیقه.

ابراهیمی، ح [فیلم­نامه­نویس و کارگردان]. 1395. عمو جان هیتلر. [فیلم سینمایی]. 90 دقیقه.

اعلمی، م و م، صباح. 1391. «جنسیت و تفاوت گفتمان: بررسی نشانه­های گفتمانی در مکالمات روزمرة سخنوران زن و مرد فارسی زبان»، زبان و ادب فارسی، (10): 2-22.

حیدری، م [فیلم­نامه­نویس]. 1392. پنج تا پنج. [فیلم سینمایی] کارگردان ت، -اوتادی. 79 دقیقه.
ذوقدار­ مقدم، ر و م، دبیر­مقدم. 1381. «نقش­نما­های گفتمان: مقایسة نقش­نمای گفتمان but در زبان انگلیسی با نقش­نمای گفتمان اما در زبان فارسی». پژوهش زبان­های خارجی. 7 (12): 55-76.
صابری­کرهرودی، ر. 1388. بررسی نقش­نمای گفتمان (پس) در زبان فارسی. پایان­نامة کارشناسی ارشد، رشتة زبان­شناسی، دانشگاه کردستان.
مقدم­کیا، ر. 1383. «(بعد)، نقش­نمای گفتمان در زبان فارسی». نامۀ فرهنگستان، (23): 81-98.
نغزگوی کهن، م. (زیر چاپ). «از صفت به گفتمان‌نما، کاربردی‌شدگی کلمۀ تازه در زبان فارسی».
Blakemore, D. 1992. Understanding Utterances: An introduction to Pragmatics. Oxford: Wiley Blackwell.
Blakemore, D. 1987. Semantic constraints on relevance. Oxford: Blackwell.
Blakemore, D. 2002. Relevance and Linguistic Meaning: The Semantics and Pragmatics of Discourse Markers. CUP.
Brown, G. 1977.  Listening to spoken English. London: Longman.
Brinton, LJ. 1996. Pragmatic markers in English: Grammaticalization and discourse functions. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
ــــــــــــــ. 2008. The comment clause in English: Syntactic origins and pragmatic development (Studies in English Language). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
De Fina, A. 1997. An analysis of Spanish bien as a marker of classroom management in student-teacher interaction. Journal of Pragmatics, (28): 337-354.
Erman, B. 1987. Pragmatic Expressions in English. Stockholm: Almqvist &Wiksell.
Even-Zohar, I. (1982). "The emergence of speech organisers in a renovated language: The case of Hebrew void pragmatic connectives", in: Nils Erik Enkvist (ed.): 179-193.
Fraser, B. 1988. Types of English discourse markers. Acta Linguistica Hungarica (38):19-33.
ــــــــــــــ. 1990. An approach to discourse markers. Journal of Pragmatics, (14): 383-395.
ـــــــــــــــ. 1996. Pragmatic markers. Pragmatics, (6): 167-190.
ــــــــــــــ. 1999. What are discourse markers?. Journal of Pragmatics, 31 (7): 931-952.
Furkó, BP. 2005. The pragmatic marker: Discourse marker dichotomy reconsidered: The case of well and of course. Debreceni Egyetem: Bölcsészettudományi Kar, Debrecen dissertation.
Grice, P. 1989. Studies in the ways with words. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Gohl, C and Günthner, S. 1999. Grammatikalisierung von weil als Diskursmarker in der gesprochenen Sprache. Zeitschrift für Sprachwissenschaft, 18 (1): 39-75.
Halliday, M.A.K. 1970. "Language structure and language function", in: John Lyons (ed.), New horizons in linguistics, 140-165. Harmondsworth: Penguin.
 ــــــــــــ. 1979. "Modes of meaning and modes of expression: Types of grammatical structure, and their determination by different semantic functions", in: DJ. Allerton-Edward Carney-David Holdcroft (eds.), Function and context in linguistic analysis: A Festschrift for William Haas, 57-79. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Halliday M, Hasan R. 1976. Cohesion in English. London: Longman.
Hansen, MBM.  1997. Alors and done in spoken French: A reanalysis. Journal of Pragmatics, (28):153-187.
Hopper, J. 1991. On some principles of grammaticization. In: Elizabeth Closs Traugott and Bernd Heine, (eds.). Approaches to grammaticalization. vol. I. 17-35. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins,.
Heine, B. 2013. On discourse markers: Grammaticalization, pragmaticalization, or something else?. Linguistics, 51(6): 1205-1247.
Labov, W. 1972. Language in the Inner City. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Levinson, SC. 1983. Pragmatics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Lenk, U. 1998. Marking discourse coherence. Tubingen: Narr.
Maschler, Y. 1994. Metalanguaging and discourse markers in bilingual conversation. Language in Society, (23): 325-366.
ـــــــــــــ. 2009. Metalanguage in Interaction:Hebrew Discourse Markers. Amsterdam / Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
Redeker, G. 1991. Linguistic markers of discourse structure. Linguistics, (29): 1139-1171.
Schiffrin, D. 1987. Discourse Markers. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Schourup, L. 1999. Discourse markers. Lingua, (107): 227-265.
Siepmann, D. 2005. Discourse markers across languages: a contrastive study of second-level discourse markers in native and non-native text with implications for general and pedagogic lexicography. Abingdon and New York: Routledge.
Svartvik, J and Stenström, AB. 1985. "Words, words, words: The rest is silence", in: Sven Bäckman-Göran Kjellmer (eds.): 342-353.
Svartvik, J. 1979. "Well in conversation", in: Sidney Greenbaum-Geoffrey Leech-Jan Svartvik (eds.), 167-177.
Thompson, G. 2004. Introducting functional grammar. Great Britain: Oxford university press.
Traugott, EC and RB, Dasher. 2002. Regularity in semantic change. Cambridge Studies in Linguistics 96. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Urgelles-Coll, M. 2010. The Syntax and Semantics of Discourse Markers. Great Britain: MPG Books Group.
Watts, R. 1989. Taking the pitcher to the ‘well’: Native speakers’ perception of their use of discourse markers in conversation. Journal of Pragmatics, (13): 203-237.