The semantic study and classification of Persian parts of speech based on Lieber’s theory

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 (PhD), University of Sistān and Baluchestān

2 PhD Candidate in General Linguistics at University of Sistān and Baluchestān

Abstract

To classify lexical items, Lieber (2004, 2009) proposes seven semantic features,i.e., (»material«, »dynamic«, »IEPS = inferable eventual position or state«, »Loc = Location«, »B = Bounded«, »CI = Composed of Individuals« and a principle called »Co-indexation Principle«. In this theory, each lexical item has one semantic skeleton (composed of one/more primitives and one/more arguments) and a semantic body (composed of encyclopedic knowledge of the speaker about the lexical item). Co-indexation is a device to tie together the arguments of the parts of the compound or derived items. The purpose of this study was to study and classify the Persian parts of speech based on Lieber’s semantic theory. Following Lieber, this research, based on the »material« and» dynamic« features, classifies the semantic category of Substance/ Thing/Essence in Persian into four sub-categories, based on »dynamic«, »IEPS« and» Loc« features classifies the semantic category of Situations into six sub-categories and based on »IEPS «and »Loc« features, classifies the semantic category of Relations into four sub-categories. The results of the study on Persian showed that various syntactic categories e.g. verbs and prepositions or verbs and nouns have common semantic features, as well and this outcome supports Lieber’s semantic classification

Keywords


باطنی، م. 1366. نگاهی تازه به دستور زبان، تهران: آگاه.
خانلری، پ. ن. 1364. دستور زبان فارسی، تهران: توس.
خیامپور، ع. 1344. دستور زبان فارسی. تبریز: [بی­نا].
روبینز، آر. اچ. 1381. تاریخمختصرزبانشناسی. ترجمۀ ع. م. حق­شناس. تهران: مرکز.
سلطانی گرد فرامرزی، ع. 1376.از کلمه تا کلام: دستور زبان فارسی به زبان ساده، تهران: مبتکران.
صفوی، ک. 1383. درآمدی بر معنی‌شناسی، تهران: سورۀ مهر
طالقانی، م. 1305 قمری. لسان­العجم، [بی­جا]: [بی­نا]
کلباسی، ا. 1380. ساخت اشتقاقی در فارسی امروز، تهران: پژوهشگاه مطالعات و تحقیقات فرهنگی.
کریمی ­دوستان، غ. 1387. «اسامی و صفات گزاره­ای در زبان فارسی».­ دستور، (3): 187-202.
کریمی ­دوستان، غ. و آ. ذاکر. 1390. «رویکرد حوزه­ای به اجزای کلام در زبان فارسی». زبان و زبان‌شناسی، (10): 27-46.
گلفام، ا. 1386. اصول دستور زبان، تهران: سمت.
نوبهار، م. 1372. دستور کاربردی زبان فارسی، تهران: رهنما.
یوسفیان، پ، گ. تاکی، و ا. مرادی، 1394. «بررسی معنایی و دسته­بندی حروف ­اضافۀ زبان فارسی برپایۀ نظریۀ لیبر». جستارهای زبانی، (6): 299-321.
Baker, M. C. 2003. Lexical categories: verbs, nouns, and adjectives, Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press.
Chomsky, N. 1970. “Remarks on nominalization”.in R. Jacobs and P. Rosenbaum
(ed), Readings in English Transformational Grammar, 184-221, Mass.:Ginn, Waltham.
Corver, N. & Riemsdijk H. 2001. “Semi-lexical categories: the function of content words and the content of function words”. ed. By Norbert Covert and Henk van Riemsdijk. Berlin, NewYork : Mouton de Gruter
Croft, W. 1991. Syntactic categories and grammatical relations, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Harley, H. and Noyer, R. 1999. “State-of-the-article: Distributed morphology”, GLOT International (44): ­3–9.
Hopper, P. J. & S. A. Thompson 1984. “The discourse basis for lexical categories in universal grammar”. Language, (60): 703–­752.
Jackendoff, R. 1990. Semantic Structures. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
ـــــــــــــــــ. 1991. “Parts and boundaries”. Cognition, (41): 9–45.
Langacker, R. 1987. “Nouns and Verbs”. Language, (63): 53-94.
Lieber, R. 2004. Morphology and lexical semantics, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
ـــــــــــــــــ. 2007. “The category of roots and the roots of categories: what we learn from selection in derivation”, Morphology. DOI: 10.1007/s11525-006-9106-2.
ـــــــــــــــــ. 2009. “A lexical semantic approach to compounding”, In: Rochelle Lieber & Pavol Stekauer (eds.), The oxford handbook of compounding Oxford: Oxford University Press, 78-104.
Ross, J. R. 1972. “Endtstation Hauptwort: The category squish”. Papers from the annual regional meeting of Chicago Linguistic Society )8(: ­316-328.
ـــــــــــــــــ. 1973. “Nouniness”. In ed. by O. Fujimura, Three dimensions of
linguistic theory
. Tokyo: TEC Company. 137-258.
Siddiqi, D. 2009. Syntax within the word: economy, allomorphy and argument selection in distributed morphology, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Compony
Tenny, C. 1994. Aspectual Roles and the Syntax-Semantics Interface, Dordrecht:  Kluwer Academic Publishers.