دانشگاه گیلان زبان فارسی و گویش‌های ایرانی 2476-6585 6 2 2022 02 20 On Progressive Aspect in Some Iranian Languages دربارۀ ساخت ویژه‌ای برای نمود درجریان در برخی زبان‌های ایرانی 7 28 5318 10.22124/plid.2022.20687.1564 FA اسفندیار طاهری استادیار فرهنگ و زبان‌های باستانی، دانشکده زبان‎های خارجی، دانشگاه اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران. 0000-0002-9798-6704 Journal Article 1970 01 01 Some Iranian languages spoken in the shares of the Caspian Sea or their origin was the region, also in Balochi and Bashgardi spoken in southeastern Iran, there is a specific construction for progressive aspect not seen in other Iranian languages. This paper deals with the morphological and syntactic features of the progressive form, the constituents, and their functions; and shows how this construction relates with the most common source of progressive aspect. The results show that the progressive form derives from a locative expression comprised of three basic elements: the main verb in the form of the infinitive, verbal noun, present participle, or imperfect; a copula usually used as enclitic and attached to the other constituents; and a locative adposition express the locative meaning, omitted in some varieties. A fourth element may be seen in some varieties meaning ‘in the act of, busy’ that originally is a noun form of a postural verb used to denote postural notion in the construction. The meaning of the locative construction which gives rise to the progressive is ‘be at doing something’. 1. Introduction Some Iranian languages spoken in the shares of the Caspian Sea (Talyshi, Gilaki, and Tati) or their origin was the region (Hawrami and Zazaki), also in Balochi and Bashgardi spoken in southeastern Iran, there is a specific construction for progressive aspect formed by the nominal form of the verb, enclitic form of copula and a locative adposition. This paper deals with the morphological and syntactic features of the progressive form, the constituents, and their functions in the given languages; and shows how this construction relates with the most common source of progressive aspect. 2. Theoretical Framework While tense locates situations in time, usually with reference to the present moment, Aspect is concerned with the internal temporal constituency of the one situation. The progressive aspect is grammatical category that express incomplete action or state in progress at a specific time. It expresses an action as ongoing at reference time and applies typically to dynamic predicates and not to stative ones. Thus the progressive is typically used for actions that require a constant input of energy to be sustained. It is not uncommon to find progressives referred to as durative or continuative in reference grammars (Bybee et all, 1994: 125). The progressive shows a very strong tendency to have periphrastic rather than inflectional expression, this indicates that progressive constructions are relatively young grammaticalizations, and their lexical sources are often transparent (Bybee & Dahl, 1989). Explicitly locative phrases seem to be the most common sources for the progressive aspect. These usually take the form of a copula plus a locative adposition and a nominalized form of the verb. Blansitt (1975) divides sources for progressives into copula and non-copula sources, ignoring the fact that some copulas incorporate location and some do not, as well as the fact that some copula constructions are accompanied by locative adpositions while some are not. The locative notion may be expressed either in the verbal auxiliary employed or in the use of adpositions indicating location. The verbal auxiliary may derive from a specific postural verb, such as 'siť, 'stand', or ‘lie’ or it may express the notion of being in a location without references to a specific posture but meaning only 'be ať, 'stay', or, more specifically, 'live' or 'reside'. The original function of the progressive is to give the location of an agent as in the midst of an activity (Bybee et al, 1994: 134). 3. Methodology In this paper, after an introduction on aspect and progressive aspect, the morpho-syntactic features of the locative construction is examined, used in some Iranian languages including Gilaki, Talyshi, Southern Tati, Northern Tati, Balochi, Bashgardi, Hawrami, and Zazaki. 4. Result & Discussions Locative expression for progressive aspect is seen in Gilaki, where the main verb as infinitive followed by an enclitic form of copula suffixed to locative adposition used to form the progressive: ba tundi koya šuon –dǝr=i ? ‘where are you going so fast’ Another way that locative meaning may enter into the progressive construction is through the use of the word kǝrǝ meaning 'doing' plus the main verb form: kǝrǝ xurdǝn dǝrǝ bum ‘I was eating’. Also, in this category are expressions used in Talyshi čayi čašme kâr=in âv karde ‘his eyes are watering (he is tearing)’ which consists of the infinitive, the copula plus the word kâr ‘doing’. Another example is southern Tati where the same expressions are used: az mišim kore raz ‘I am going to the garden’, which uses imperfect instead of the infinitive. Northern Tati also shows the same construction but without the adposition. The locative notion is expressed by the copula, like Keringani: dur kāšte-i-ne ‘I am planting a tree’. It is also used for expected future: čani sor gāndem kāšte-i-ne ‘next year I will plant wheat’. Hawramai and Zazaki now spoken in the Kurdo-phone regions but their origin is from Caspian shares, show similar construction for progressive, Hawraami: zārōlake xarik-ene musāy musā ‘the children are sleeping’. This construction consists of “xarik” ‘busy, engaged in’ followed by an enclitic copula and a double expression of the main verb in the form of infinitive and imperfect. locative expression for progressive is also seen in Balochi and Bashgardi as an areal feature shares in southeastern Iran. Balochi: man gušag-ā –un ‘I am speaking’, with an infinitive suffixed in –ag followed by an enclitic copula and without locative adposition. But also, with the present participle: ā ǝngo kār kǝnān-ynt ‘he is still working’. As we saw in Keringani, some varieties of Balochi use progressive for expected future: ā begǝa gvāzi kǝnǝgā bit ‘he will play tonight’. 5. Conclusions & Suggestions The results show that the progressive form in the given Iranian languages derives from a locative expression comprised of three basic elements: the main verb in the form of the infinitive, verbal noun, present participle, or imperfect; a copula usually used as enclitic and attached to the other constituents; and a locative adposition express the locative meaning, omitted in some varieties. A fourth element may be seen in some varieties meaning ‘in the act of, busy’ that originally is a noun form of a postural verb used to denote postural notion in the construction. The meaning of the locative construction which gives rise to the progressive is ‘be at doing something’. Select Bibliography Bybee, J., Perkins, R., & Pagliuca, W. 1994. The Evolution of Grammar: Tense, Aspect, and Modality in the Languages of the World. The University of Chicago press. Bybee, J.L., & Dahl, Ö. 1989. “The creation of tense and aspect systems in the languages of the world”, Studies in language, 13-1: 51-103. Comrie, B. 1985. Aspect. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Ebert, K. H. 2008. Progressive markers in Germanic languages. In Ö. Dahl (ed.) Tense and aspect in the languages of Europe, De Gruyter Mouton, 605-654. Jahani, C., & Korn, A. 2009. “Balochi”, in G. Windfuhr, (ed), The Iranian Languages, 634-692, London: Routledge. Rastorgueva, V. S. et al 2012. The Gilaki Language, English translation by Ronald Lockwood, Upsala: University of Upsala. Rezayati, M. 2007. The Talyshi Language, a Description of the Central Dialect. Gilan: Farhang Ilya. [in Persian] Todd, T. L. 1985. A Grammar of Dimili also known as Zaza, Ann Arbor: Mishigan state University, rep. Electronic Publication, 2008. Yarshater, E. 1969. A grammar of southern Tati, The Hauge, Paris: Mouton. Yarshater, E. 2007. “The Tati Dialect of Karingân”, in M. Macuch, M. Maggi and S. Sundermann (eds.), Iranian Languages and Texts from Iran and Turan, Ronald E. Emmerick Memorial Volume, 443-461, Wiesbaden. در شماری از زبان‌های ایرانی کرانه‌های دریای خزر یا زبان‌هایی که خاستگاه آنها این منطقه بوده‌است، همچنین در بلوچی و بشگردی در جنوب شرقی ایران، ساخت ویژه‌ای برای نمود درجریان وجود دارد که در دیگر زبان‌های ایرانی دیده نمی‌شود. این مقاله به بررسی ساخت صرفی و نحوی درجریان در زبان‌های رایج این مناطق می‌پردازد و بررسی می‌کند که در هر زبان ساخت درجریان از چه سازه‌هایی ساخته شده‌است و هر سازه چه نقشی دارد و این ساخت چگونه با ساخت‌های رایج برای نمود درجریان مرتبط است. یافته‌های این مقاله نشان می‌دهد که این ساخت گونه‌ای ساخت مکانی است که از چند سازۀ اصلی ساخته می‌شود: یکی فعل اصلی که به شکل مصدر، اسم مصدر، صفت فعلی حال و گاهی صرف حال ناکامل است؛ دوم فعل ربطی که به دیگر سازه‌های این ساخت یا به سازۀ دیگری در جمله پی‌بست می‌شود؛ سوم حرف اضافه‌ای که حالت مکانی را بیان می‌کند که در برخی گونه‌ها این حرف اضافه حذف شده و مفهوم مکانی با فعل ربطی بیان می‌شود. در برخی از زبان‌های بررسی‌شده سازۀ چهارمی ‌هم ممکن است افزوده شود و آن اسمی ‌از یک فعل حالتی است که نقش آن ایجاد حالتی است که تداوم یا درجریان بودن فعل را نشان دهد.

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دانشگاه گیلان زبان فارسی و گویش‌های ایرانی 2476-6585 6 2 2022 02 20 Pronunciation of Ghayeni Plural Nouns with a Final Vowel بررسی تلفظ اسم‌های جمعِ دارای واکۀ پایانی در گویش قاینی 29 54 5333 10.22124/plid.2022.20394.1548 FA بشیر جم دانشیار زبان‌شناسی، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه شهرکرد، شهرکرد، ایران پریا رزم دیده استادیار زبان‌شناسی، دانشکده ایران‌شناسی، دانشگاه ولی‌عصر (عج) رفسنجان، رفسنجان، ایران زهره سادات ناصری استادیار زبان‌شناسی، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز، اهواز، ایران Journal Article 2021 08 16 In Ghayeni Persian, for nouns ending in vowels /ou/, /ɑ/ and /a/, the plural marker is represented as [au], and in words with vowels /i/, /u/, and /e/, it is pronounced as [u]. These pronunciations confirm that the underlying structure in Ghayeni is /-ɑn/. To explain this, the authors examined the data within Stratal Optimality Theory (SOT) at three levels: stem, word and, post-lexical. The results showed that the phonological processes of pre-nasal raising and hiatus resolution occur at stem level and vowel change and final /n/ deletion take place at word level. Derivations indicated a kind of opacity (bleeding interaction) between pre-nasal raising and the final /n/ deletion. Post-lexical level includes two cases: adding third person singular pronoun /in/ "his/her" and fist person plural pronoun /mɑ/ "we" to the output of the word surface. In this level, the phonological processes as final /n/ deletion and monophthongization are involved. Here another kind of opacity (feeding interaction) between the processes of ezafe vowel deletion and the final /n/ deletion is seen. Therefore, in present study, the opaque interactions in derivations of plural nouns with a final vowel in Ghayeni is analyzed based on SOT. SOT is more efficient than Parallel Optimality Theory (POT) in explaining opaque phonetic changes at morpheme boundaries. 1. Introduction Ghayeni persian is a common dialect in Ghayen city located in South Khorasan. Plural nouns in this dialect, unlike standard Persian, which are accompanied by the plural morpheme /hɑ-/ and /ɑn-/, are never closed with /hɑ-/. In contrast, there is only the plural sign /-ɑn/ in the case of plural words in Ghayeni Persian, which is pronounced as [u] in the case of plural words with a final consonant. So, this research question is, how are the plural nouns with a final vowel pronounced in Ghayeni Persian? The research data showed that the pronunciation of the plural form of nouns end in vowels /ou/, /ɑ/, /a/, /i/, /u/ and /e/ is in two forms: 1) Words with final vowels /ou/, /A/ and /a/ have a phonetic representation of [au]. 2) Words end in /i/, /u/ and /e/ behave like words with a final consonant, i.e., /un/ is added to the end of it, and if the word is not accompanied by a related consonant, the final /n/ of the plural is deleted. The cause of the occurrence of phonetic representations [u] and [au] in nouns ending in consonant and vowel, respectively, is the cases of opaque counterfeeding and counterbleeding interactions. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to investigate the phonetic form of plural nouns with a final vowel based on the theory of SOT. 2. Theoretical Framework Stratal Optimality Theory is one of the approaches to optimality theory that is made by combining stratal approaches such as morphology and lexical phonology with optimality theory. In SOT, there are different models, the similarity between them is in the variety of layers and there is no limit to the number and type of them. In the optimality approach, there are several layers that are arranged sequentially from input to output. According to Kiparsky, there are three layers in SOT. At the three levels of this approach, the stem first enters the stem level. Inside the stem level, in addition to the stem, a derivative affix or a compound word is added to it. The product of this level enters the word level. At the word level, a second derivative (if any) or inflectional affix is added to the output of the stem level. Finally, at the post-lexical level, which is at the phrase level, the words are combined, and what happens at this level is only the study of phonological and morphological changes. 3. Methodology The collection of plural words with a final vowel has been done in a documentary and field methods. In the documentary method, different sources were used in Ghayeni Persian and in the field method, 20 Ghayeni informants (10 women and 10 men) aged 60-80 years and most of the illiterate/illiterate were interviewed. Then, a corpus (written and oral) containing 250 words of the final vowel was extracted. The authors wrote them using International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). Finally, the differences between the input and output forms of plural words in different contexts were analyzed in the framework of SOT. 4. Result & Discussion In Ghayeni Persian, the plural suffix /-hɑ/ is not used and the plural morpheme /-An/ exists only in phonological representation. Unlike the standard Persian, none of the standard plural morphemes of the standard Persian is found in the underlying representation of the plural nouns in this dialect. In Ghayeni, the pronunciation of the plural morpheme in words ending in a vowel was studied and the opaque interactions in the surface structure derivations of plural nouns with a final vowel were examined in the framework of SOT. Findings indicate that in this dialect the final vowel nouns are pronounced as [au] or [u] after the addition of the plural morpheme. In other words, in words ending in the vowels /ou/, /ɑ/ and /a/, the plural is pronounced as [au], and in words ending in the vowels /i/, /u/ and /e/, the plural morpheme has a phonetic representation of [u]. In order to explain this based on SOT, the research data were examined at three levels: stem, word and post-lexical. In the case of nouns ending in the vowels /ou/, /A/ and /a/, the final /n/ is omitted in the last representation, which causes the pre-nasal raising process to occur in the phonetic representation. The pre-nasal raising process leads to the formation of diphthongs /Au/ and /au/ at the intermediate level. But since the diphthong /Au/ does not exist in Ghayeni dialect, its first vowel changes to the vowel [a]. In fact, the diphthong [au] can be considered as a sign of the plural morpheme /-An/ in Ghayeni. The post-lexical level was also examined in two cases. In the case of words ending in /i/, /u/ and /e/, they behave in the same way as words ending in consonant, i.e., the plural /-An/ is added to their end, and if a dependent morpheme is not attached to a word, the final /n/ is deleted after the occurrence of pre-nasal raising process. Besides, since the word ends in a vowel and the plural morpheme begins with a vowel, a glide /j/ is inserted between the two vowels to avoid hiatus. 5. Conclusion & Suggestions In the present study, we investigated the pronunciation of plural morpheme in words ending in a vowel and the opaque interactions in the surface structure derivations of plural nouns with a final vowel based on SOT. The phonological processes of pre-nasal raising and hiatus resolution occur at the stem level and the processes of vowel change and final /n/ deletion take place at the word level. The surface structure derivation of the data prior to the application of the post-lexical level indicated the counterbleeding opaque interaction between two processes of pre-nasal raising and final /n/ deletion. In post-lexical levels, which were examined in the two cases of adding conjunctive third-person singular possessive pronoun /in/ and first-person plural pronoun /mɑ/ to the output of the word surface, the phonological processes as resyllabiﬁcation, ezafe vowel deletion, final /n/ deletion and monophthongization are involved. At the post-lexical level, the counterfeeding opacity interaction between the processes of ezafe vowel deletion and final /n/ deletion was also observed. Select Bibliography Ali Nezhad, B., & Tayyeb, S. M. T. 2007. Take a Look at noun number in Contemporary Persian, Social Science and Humanities, 3(25): 157-170. [In Persian] Bermúdez-Otero, R. 2006. Stratal Optimality Theory. Cambridge: OUP. Jam, B. 2016. Descriptive Glossary of Phonological Process. Tehran: University Publishing Center. [In Persian] Jam, B., Razmdideh, P., & Naseri, Z. S. 2020. “Final n- deletion in Ghayeni Persian: Opacity in Harmonic Seriali.sm & Parallel Optimality Theory”. Iranian Studies. 3-4(53): 417-444. Kager, R. 1999. Optimality Theory. Cambridge University Press. Kiparsky, P. 2003b. Finnish noun inflection. Generative approaches to Finnic and Saami linguistics. ed. by Nelsonm, D, & S. Manninen, Stanford: CSLI Publications. Naghzguy-Kohan, M. 2020. New developments in Persian nominal plural markers, Iranian Journal of Comparative Linguistic Research, 20(10): 101-120. [In Persian] Sadeghi, A. A. 1969. Plural Signs in Contemporary Persian. Sokhan, 8(19): 777-786. [In Persian] Sasa, Tomomasa. 2009. Treatment of vowel harmony in optimality theory. PhD (Doctor of Philosophy) thesis, University of Iowa. Zomorodian, R. 1990. Practical Linguistics of the Study of Ghayen Dialect. Astan Quds Razavi Publishing. [In Persian] درگویش قاینی در واژه‌های مختوم به واکه‌های /ou/،/ɑ/و/a/، نشانۀ جمع به‌صورت [au] بازنمایی آوایی دارد و در واژه‌های دارای واکه‌های /i/،/u/ و/e/ نشانۀ جمع به‌صورت [u] تلفظ می‌شود. این صورت‌های روساختی مؤید صورت زیرساختی /-ɑn/ برای نشانۀ جمع در قاینی است. در تبیین این امر براساس رویکرد بهینگی لایه‌ای، نگارندگان داده‌های پژوهش را در سه سطح ستاک، واژه و فراواژگانی بررسی کردند. نتایج یافته‌ها نشان داد فرایندهای واجی افراشتگی پیش‌خیشومی و رفع التقای واکه‌ها در سطح ستاک و فرایندهای تغییر واکه و حذف / n/ی پایانی در سطح واژه رخ می‌دهند. اشتقاق روساختی داده‌ها پیش از اعمال سطح فراواژگانی بیانگر تیرگی تعامل زمینه‌برچین بین فرایندهای افراشتگی پیش‌خیشومی و حذف /n/ی پایانی بود. در سطح‌های فراواژگانی که در دو حالت افزودن ضمیر متصل ملکی سومشخص مفرد /in/ و ضمیر ناپیوستۀ اول شخص جمع /mɑ/ به برون‌داد سطح واژه بررسی شد فرایندهای واجی‌ای مانند حذف /n/ی پایانی و ساده‌شدن واکۀ مرکب دخیل هستند. در سطح فراواژگانی نیز تیرگی تعامل زمینه‌چین بین فرایندهای حذف کسرۀ اضافه و حذف /n/ی پایانی مشاهده می‌شود. ازاین‌رو، در این پژوهش، در چارچوب بهینگی لایه‌ای تعامل‌های تیرۀ موجود در اشتقاق‌های روساختی اسم‌های جمع دارای واکۀ پایانی در گویش قاینی بررسی میشود. بهینگی لایه‌ای نسبت به بهینگی موازی در تبیین تغییرات آوایی تیره در مرز تکواژها کارایی بیشتری دارد.

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دانشگاه گیلان زبان فارسی و گویش‌های ایرانی 2476-6585 6 2 2022 02 20 The Study of Honorifics Types in Middle Persian بررسی انواع امکانات تکریمی در فارسی میانه 55 79 5297 10.22124/plid.2021.16987.1467 FA فریبا صبوری دانشجوی دکتری زبان‌شناسی، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه بوعلی‌سینا، همدان، ایران الهام ایزدی دانشجوی دکتری زبان‌شناسی، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه بوعلی‌سینا، همدان، ایران Journal Article 2020 07 02 Language is one of the means of communication of people in society. Linguistic communication, as one of the most important roles of language, shows the relationships between people. The concept of politeness as a socio-cognitive factor, indicates the social distance between individuals. This concept is manifested by different tools in communication between people. One of these tools is honorifics. People in the society use forms of honorifics to specify situations and social standings of participants and speakers. Shibatani (2006) places honorifics in Japanese in four classes; “referent honorifics”, “addressee honorifics”, “avoidance languages” and “beautification”. In most languages, referent honorifics are used more often than other types of honorifics, and among the types of referent honorifics, subject honorifics are used more than humbling honorifics and non-subject honorifics. In this study, four classes of honorifics in Middle Persian have been examined according to this framework. According to studies, in Middle Persian, as well as in Japanese, referent honorifics are the most widely used. In addition to the Shibatani classes, metaphors and similes, the adjective honorifics of the speaker and the benedictory honorifics can also be added to the group of Middle Persian honors. 1. Introduction Every society, considering the importance of the power relations that govern it, enjoys a special system of honorifics. A society with a very advanced system of honorifics shows the importance of superior-inferior and power relations. In contrast, in communities where these issues are not taken into account, a simpler system of honorifics is used. According to the mentioned cases, the study of honorific in different times is necessary to determine the evolution of human interactions and honorifics involved in these interactions in societies. In this study, honorifics in Middle Persian have been studied to determine the level of Iranian society, in this period, in terms of politeness and indicating respect in language. This research is based on the criteria presented in Shibatani’s article named ‘honorifics’ (2006). Finally, the results of this period are examined with the results of subsequent periods (New Persian) in another study (Naghzguy Kohan, 2016), to determine what changes this course has undergone from Middle to New Persian. 2. Theoretical framework Using honorifics are a feature for expressing politeness and determining the social status of the participants involved in the interaction as well as the audience and third parties. These features can be lexical, morphosyntactic, phonological or even intonational. (Brown, 2011:19). All languages use their own honorific features to express politeness and respect, but, as Shibatani (2006: 381) states, only some languages have an advanced system of honorifics. These languages are mainly concentrated in Asia, among them are Japanese, Korean, Tibetan, Javanese and Thai. According to Shibatani (2006), honorifics in languages fall into four groups: “referent honorifics”, “addressee honorifics”, “avoidance languages”, and “beautification”. 3. Methodology In this research, in order to extract linguistic evidence of honorifics in Middle Persian, the important sources of this period, namely Middle Persian (Pahlavi) texts, have been used. These sources are: "Middle Persian" gathered by "Jamasb J. Dastur Manouchehr J. Jamasb" by "Saeed Oriyan" " Karname Ardeshir Babakan " gathered by "Dr. Bahram Farahvashi". "Karname Ardeshir Babakan" by "Mohammad Javad Mashkour". All the sentences of these books have been studied with the aim of extracting linguistic cases. The research method is such that the honorifics considered by Shibatani (2006) have been categorized and the sentences that contained these facilities have been extracted and each of them has been placed in its own category. In addition to Shibatani's classification, sentences were found in the texts that contained honorifics. These features were also added to the Shibatani category with new titles that are presented in the analysis section. 4. Results & Discussion In this study, the authors have examined the honorific features in Middle Persian. The method of study has been sentence by sentence in a number of Middle Persian sources. Studies and finding linguistic samples contain honorific features of this research based on the Shibatani model. In other words, the honorific features were placed in sloping categories. 5. Conclusions & Suggestions After reviewing the existing corpus, four items are presented in the conclusion section: Examining the corpus, it was observed that most of these features provided by Shibatani can also be found in Middle Persian; In other words, Middle Persian is very similar to Shibatani in terms of honorifics. In the meantime, some groups such as beautification and avoidance languages were not observed, and as a result no example was found for it. The important point in this study is the addition of three more groups of honorary facilities to the Shibatani’s division. These three groups were not mentioned in the Shibatani division, but the authors believe that these three categories are among the honorific features in this period. And as a result, they added them to this division. These three categories are “praying honorifics”, “metaphor” and “simile”, and “addressee adjectival honorific”. These three groups have a significant amount among honorific sentences. With this result, it is possible to receive honorific features in the Middle Persian period. In general, among the total honorifics presented, reference honorifics have the highest repetition among all honorifics. As mentioned earlier, these are honorifics that are used to show respect for nominal examples. honorific titles, pronouns, and agreements, which are among the most frequently used in speech, fall into this category and in this way, the possible misunderstandings in their expression are minimized and show the level of the speaker's awareness of the power and personal privacy of individuals. The ultimate goal of this study is to compare honorifics in the two periods of modern Persian and Middle Persian. According to the study of honorifics in modern Persian and its results with the present study, it can be seen that these facilities in Middle Persian were more than modern Persian. This result is obtained from the greater variety of these features in Middle Persian. This study expresses only the classification and diversity of honorifics in the Middle Persian and New Persian period. In other words, the three categories of praying honorifics, metaphor and simile and addressee adjectival honorifics have shown the importance of using honorific expressions in this period of time and the importance of respect and politeness more than the period after itself. Select Bibliography Farahvashi, B. 1386. Karname Ardeshir Babakan, Tehran: University of Tehran. [In Persian] Ghazanfari, M. 1387. “Jelvehâyi az Bâztâbe Adab dar Tarikhe Beyhaqi”. Jostârhâye Adabi, (62): 27-49. [In Persian] Goffman, E. 1967. Interaction ritual: Essays on face to face behavior. New York: Garden City. Keshavarz, H.M. 1988. “Forms of address in post-revolutionary Iranian Persian: a sociolinguistic analysis”. Language in Society (17): 565-575 Lakoff, R. T. 1973. The logic of politeness; or, minding your p’s and q’s. Chicago: Chicago Linguistic Society. Leech, G. N. 1983. The pragmatics of politeness. Londom: Longman. Levinson, P., & Brown, P. 1987. Politeness: Some universals in language usage (Vol. 4). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Mashkur, M. J. 1329. Karname Ardeshir Babakan. Tehran: Danesh. [In Persian] Naghzguy Kohan .1395. ‘Emkânât-e Takrimi-ye Erjâyi dar Fârsi-ye Now’, dar Majmu'e Maqâllât-e Zabân-e Fârsi dar Gozar-e Zamân,. Tehran: Bahar.146-164. [In Persian] Oriyan, S. 1382. Pahlavi texts, gathered by Jamasb J. Manouchehr J. Jamasb Asana. Tehran: Cultural Heritage Publications. [In Persian] زبان یکی از وسایل ارتباطی در جامعه است. ارتباط زبانی، بهعنوان یکی از مهمترین نقشهای زبان، نشاندهندة روابط میان افراد است. مفهوم ادب بهعنوان یک عامل اجتماعی-شناختی، بیانگر شأن و فاصلة اجتماعی میان افراد است. این مفهوم با ابزارهای متفاوتی در ارتباط میان افراد تجلی مییابد. یکی از این ابزارها امکانات تکریمی هستند. افراد جامعه برای رعایت احترام و ادب، تشخیص جایگاه و شأن اجتماعی مشارکتکنندگان و مخاطبان از صورتهای امکانات تکریمی بهره میجویند. امکانات تکریمی در زبان ژاپنی در چهار گروه جای میگیرند؛ تکریمیهای ارجاعی، تکریمیهای مخاطب، زبانهای اجتنابی و زیباسازی. در اغلب زبانها تکریمیهای ارجاعی نسبت به سایر انواع تکریمیها بیشتر بهکار میروند و در میان انواع تکریمیهای ارجاعی نیز تکریمیهای فاعلی بیشتر از تکریمیهای فروتنانه و غیرفاعلی کاربرد دارند. در این پژوهش چهار دستة امکانات تکریمی در فارسی میانه بر طبق این چارچوب بررسی شدهاست. در فارسی میانه نیز همانند زبان ژاپنی، تکریمیهای ارجاعی دارای بیشترین کاربرد هستند. علاوهبر تقسیمبندی شیباتنی، میتوان استعاره و تشبیه، تکریمیهای صفتی متکلم و دعایی را نیز به گروه تکریمیهای فارسی میانه افزود.

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دانشگاه گیلان زبان فارسی و گویش‌های ایرانی 2476-6585 6 2 2022 02 20 Semantic Study of Modal Verbs in Gilaki (of Siahkali) بررسی معنایی فعلهای وجهی گیلکی (گونۀ سیاهکلی) 81 107 5334 10.22124/plid.2022.20678.1562 FA نرجس بانو صبوری دانشیار زبان‎شناسی، دانشگاه پیام نور، تهران، ایران. شهلا شریفی دانشیار زبان‎شناسی، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران Journal Article 2021 09 24 The present paper is an attempt to study the semantic side of modal verbs in Siahkali variety of Gilaki. This research has been conducted via descriptive-analytical method in Palmer (1997) and Nauze (2008) frameworks. Based upon this research, the modal verb “va” features all three epistemic, deontic, and dynamic modes in terms of semantics while “vast” and “vasti” and the present tense of modal verb “tonəstan” are used to express deontic and dynamic modes. The modal verb “šay” is used to express the epistemic and dynamic aspect while “šast”, the past tense “tonəstan” and both the present and past forms of the verb “xastən” and “rəse:n” are used to express the dynamic aspect in Gilaki. The modal verb “bo:n” expresses the epistemic and deontic modality while “bəbu” indicates the deontic modality. “va” and its past tenses show the degree of necessity and other modal verbs infer the degree of possibility. The semantic mapping of modal verbs is shown on the conceptual context of modality. So, the same universal saying that the modality elements are different only on one of the axes is also true in Gilaki. 1. Introduction Modality generally expresses the speaker's view of the proposition contained in the sentence. Semantically, modality is divided into two types in a general category, which are the epistemic and root modes. The epistemic mode involves the speaker's assessment of the probability or predictability of the action. It also includes the necessity or possibility of a proposition based on the judgment, evidence, or knowledge of the speaker. Switzer (1982) argues that concepts that imply necessity, probability, or possibility are considered epistemic. The root mode is used to express concepts such as coercion, permission, and ability, and consists of two deontic and dynamic subgroups. In deontic modality, external circumstances and power often require the actor or third person to perform an action or allow him/her to do something. In dynamic modality, the internal force or current conditions provide the necessity or possibility for the action to take place. 2. Theoretical Framework Palmer (1997) introduced three types of epistemic, deontic, and dynamic modalities, and two main degrees or levels of modality as possibility and necessity; the epistemic modality is the simplest of all in his view. This type of modality is a judgment that is made about the realization of a situation or event. He considers this modality as discourse-oriented and believes that it includes both the speaker and the audience. Palmer states that by using this modality, the speaker is actually allowing, forcing, promising, and threatening. The dynamic modality is related to the ability and desire of the subject and has two subsets of neutral and subject-oriented. Neutral usage indicates the possibility of an event. Another type of dynamic possibility indicates the ability of the subject to perform the action. Dynamic possibility can also be used to express an implicit meaning to make suggestion for istance. In this paper, the semantic mapping of modal verbs of Gilaki is presented upon Nauze framework (2008). Nauze shows the conceptual space of modality, which includes all the modal elements in world languages, in one form, with vertical and horizontal axes. The vertical axis indicates the dimension of possibility or necessity of the modal verb, and based on the horizontal axes, it is determined whether the verb has semantic diversity in terms of meaning or not. 3. Methodolgy This research is a qualitative research and has been carried out via descriptive-analytical methods. The semantic part of this research is based on Palmer (1997) and its semantic mapping is based on the Nauze (2008) framework. The Gilaki data of this research, consisted of 42 sentences, has been collected from the everyday speech of the speakers. In addition, some syntactic behaviors of modal verbs and related topics such as grammatical tense, complement of modal verbs, position of modal verbs in a sentence, negation and their use as lexical verbs have been studied. 4. Results & Discussion In Gilaki, to express the form of coercion or obligation, the prepositional verb va "should" is used for the present and future grammatical tenses, and vast and vasti "must" for the past grammatical tense. The modal verb va features all three epistemic, deontic, and dynamic modes. The complement of this verb in personal constructions is a temporal verb that appears in the sentence in the form of present or past participles and is conjugated in terms of person and number in accordance with the subject of the sentence. The unmarked position “va” and its past two forms precede its complement. The modal verb of šay "can, become" refers to the present and future grammatical tenses and šast "become" to the past grammatical tense. “šay” is used to express the epistemic and dynamic modes and “šast” is used to express the dynamic mode in Gilaki. Since “šay” and “šast” in Gilaki are used only in impersonal constructions and the subject or actor is not present in these sentences, the complement of these two modal verbs is used only as an infinitive after them. The modal verb bo:n "become" refers to the present grammatical tense and bəbu "became" refers to the past grammatical tense. “bo:n” is used to express the epistemic and deontic modes and “bəbu” is used to express the deontic mode. The complement of these two modal verbs is the temporal verb (present or past participles) which is used according to the subject of the sentence. The unmarked position of these two verbs is at the beginning of the sentence. The three modal verbs tonəstən "to be able", xastən "to want" and rəse:n "to arrive" in Gilaki have common syntactic features. The present tense of the modal verb tonəstan "to be able" has a reading of the deontic and dynamic modes, and its past tense has a dynamic mode. Both the present and past tenses of the modal verbs xastən "want" and rəse:n "to arrive" have dynamic modes. The complement of these verbs is conjugated in the form of a tense verb, which is always present participle, in accordance with the subject of the sentence. Examining the semantic mapping of Gilaki's modal verbs showed that among the Gilaki's modal verbs, va "should", along with its two past forms, indicates the necessity aspect on the vertical axis and has a variety of meanings on the horizontal axis; while, other Gilaki's modal verbs are placed on the vertical axis of possibility aspect and indicate polysemy or semantic differences. 5. Conclusions & Suggestions The modal verb “va” has all three epistemic, deontic and dynamic modes, and “vast” and “vasti” are used to express the deontic and dynamic modes. The modal verb “šay” is used to express the epistemic and dynamic modes and “šast” is used to express the dynamic mode in Gilaki. The verb “bo:n” is used to express the epistemic and deontic modes and “bəbu” is used to express the deontic mode. The present tense of the modal verb “tonəstan” has deontic and dynamic modes and its past tense has a dynamic mode. Both the present and past tenses of the modal verbs “xastən” and “rəse:n” have dynamic mode. Also, except for “va” and its past forms, which indicate the degree of necessity, the other modal verbs of Siahkali indicate the degree of possibility. Studying the semantic mapping of Gilaki's modal verbs showed that what has been generally said about the fact that the modal elements are different on one of the axes of the conceptual space and not on both axes is also true about this dialect. “va” and its past forms on the vertical axis show the necessity and have various meanings only on the horizontal axis. Other verbs are placed on the vertical axis of possibility and have polysemy or semantic differences on this axis. Select Bibliography Bybee, J., Perkins, R. & Pagliuca, W. 1994. The Evolution of Grammar, Tense, Aspect and Modality in the Languages of the World. Chicago: University Chicago Press. Kratzer, A. 1977. “What “Must” and “Can” Must and Can Mean”. Linguistics and Philosophy 3(1): 337-355. Lyons, J. 1977. Semantics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Narrog, H. 2005. “On Defining Modality Again”. Language Sciences, 2(27): 165-192. Nauze, F.D. 2008. Modality in Typological Perspective. Institute for Logic, Language and Computation: Enschede. Nuyts, J. 2006. Modality: Overview and Linguistic Issue. The Expression of Modality. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 1-26. Palmer, F. R. 1997. Modality and the English Modals. NewYork: Routledge. Portner, P. 2009. Modality. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Sweetser, E. E. 1982. “Root and Epistemic Modals: Causality in Two World”. In Proceedings of the Eighth Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society: 484-507. پژوهش حاضر به بررسی معنایی فعلهای وجهی گیلکی گونۀ سیاهکلی اختصاص دارد. روش این پژوهش توصیفی- تحلیلی است. تحلیل معنایی این پژوهش در چارچوب پالمر (1997) و بررسی نگاشت معنایی آن براساس چارچوب ناوز (2008) است. در این پژوهش، شش فعل وجهی گیلکی بررسی شدهاند. براساس این پژوهش، بهلحاظ معنایی فعل وجهی va «باید» دارای خوانش هر سه وجهیت معرفتی، تکلیفی و پویاست و vast «بایست» و vasti «بایستی» و صورت حال فعلtonəstan «توانستن» برای بیان وجهیت تکلیفی و پویا بهکار میروند. فعل وجهی šay «میتوان، میشود» برای بیان وجهیت معرفتی و پویا و šast «میشد» و صورت گذشتۀtonəstan «توانستن» و هر دو صورت حال و گذشتۀ xastən «خواستن» و rəse:n «رسیدن» برای بیان وجهیت پویا کاربرد دارند. فعل وجهی bo:n «میشود» برای بیان وجهیت معرفتی و تکلیفی و bəbu «شد» برای بیان وجهیت تکلیفی بهکار میروند. va «باید» و صورتهای گذشتۀ آن بیانگر درجۀ ضرورتاند و دیگر فعلهای وجهی بر درجۀ امکان دلالت دارند. برای تکمیل مبحث معنایی، نگاشت معنایی فعلهای وجهی بر روی فضای مفهومی وجهیت نشان داده شدهاست. بر این اساس مشخص شد فعل وجهی va «باید» بر روی محور عمودی فضای مفهومی نشاندهندۀ وجه ضرورت و بر روی محور افقی این فضا دارای تنوع معناست. همچنین مشخص شد دیگر فعلهای وجهی گیلکی بر روی محور عمودی امکان قرار داشته و نشاندهندۀ چندمعنایی یا تفاوت معنایی هستند.

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دانشگاه گیلان زبان فارسی و گویش‌های ایرانی 2476-6585 6 2 2022 02 20 Beggary behind the Closed Door of United Nations Security Council; Conceptual Metaphor, Metonymy and Blending in Political Cartoons گدایی پشت در شورای امنیت سازمان ملل؛ استعاره، مجاز و آمیختگی مفهومی در کارتون‌های سیاسی 109 129 5355 10.22124/plid.2022.20519.1553 FA شادی انصاریان دانشجوی دکتری زبان‌شناسی، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران نگار داوری اردکانی دانشیار زبان‌شناسی، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران. فاطمه بهرامی استادیار زبان‌شناسی، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران. Journal Article 2021 09 05 Political cartoons are powerful and effective tools that serve to express the political concepts and views. They use cognitive mechanisms of conceptual metaphor, metonymy and blending abundantly. For the past eight years, ‘JCPOA’ has been the most important issue in Iran's foreign policy, which has also been widely reflected in domestic political cartoons. One of the issues that became a dispute between the United States and other countries member of “Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action” (JCPOA), in 2020 is the “Trigger Mechanism”. In the present research, two political cartoons on the subject of trigger mechanism from Tasnim News Agency have been extracted and investigated within the framework of three theories of Conceptual Metaphor (Lakoff & Johnson, 1980; Lakoff, 1993), Multimodal Metaphor (Forceville, 1996, 2006, 2009) and Conceptual Blending (Fauconnier & Turner, 2002). The results of the study show that one of the cartoons is formed around the conceptual blending of two mental spaces of “beggary” and “activation of the trigger mechanism”, while the other is based on metaphor “THE TRIGGER MECHANISM IS A GUN”. In addition to conceptual metaphor and blending, two basic conceptual metonymies are also found in cartoons: One is “PERSON FOR COUNTRY/ GOVERNMENT” and the other is “PLACE FOR INSTITUTION/ ORGANIZATION”. Using these cognitive mechanisms, the cartoonist portrays Trump and his government’s attempt to activate the trigger mechanism as a desperate effort that is doomed to failure. 1. Introduction Political cartoons are important communicational devices which are simultaneously utilized for engaging/ defusing attention, humor, criticizing and interpretation. In political cartoons, the cognitive mechanisms of metaphor, metonymy and blending are abundantly used to express cartoonist’s political ideas and views in a creative, satirical and effective way. For the past eight years, nuclear agreement between Iran and 5+1 group, known as “Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action” (JCPOA), has been the most important subject in Iran foreign policy. In the middle of 2020, the JCPOA trigger mechanism has been a source of dispute between the US and Iran. Given the importance of this issue in Iranian foreign policy, the purpose of this study is to investigate the role of conceptual metaphor, metonymy and blending in analysis of political cartoons related to the JCPOA and specifically its ‘trigger mechanism’. 2. Theoretical framework The theoretical framework of the research consists of three theories of conceptual metaphor theory (Lakoff and Johnson, 1980; Lakoff, 1993), conceptual blending theory (Fauconnier & Turner, 2002) and multimodal metaphor theory (Forceville, 1996, 2006, 2009). According to the conceptual metaphor theory, metaphor is a cognitive and conceptual phenomenon rather than a purely linguistic one. Conceptual metaphor is a systematic set of correspondences, or mappings, between two domains of experience. The multimodal metaphor theory is a complement to the conceptual metaphor theory that seeks to examine the manifestation of metaphor in nonverbal modes such as images, cartoons, paintings, films, music and the other products of the human mind. multimodal metaphors are metaphors whose target and source are each represented exclusively or predominantly in different modes. The theory of conceptual blending aims to provide a general cognitive model for the meaning construction and for how novel concepts emerge. Conceptual blending requires at least two mental spaces, which are called input spaces, and their fusion leads to the creation of a blended space. 3. Methodology In this research, two political cartoons related to the JCPOA and specifically about ‘the trigger mechanism’ will be examined. Both cartoons were published in August 2020 four days apart in Tasnim News Agency, which is affiliated with the principalists. The two cartoons have at least three important points in common; First, the main issue for both is the trigger mechanism; Second, in both of them there is a reference to the previous US attempt to extend the arms embargo on Iran, which was opposed by the UN Security Council and thus failed. Third, in both cartoons, Donald Trump, the former US President, is portrayed in a state of humiliation and begging behind closed doors of the Security Council. The cartoons are investigated in the frameworks of Conceptual Metaphor Theory, Conceptual Blending Theory and Multimodal Metaphor Theory. The main research question is “how are cognitive mechanisms of metaphor, metonymy and blending used to convey message of the cartoon?” 4. Results & Discussion The results show that the cartoon 1 is formed around the conceptual blending of two mental spaces: ‘beggary’ and ‘activation of the trigger mechanism’. Following this blending, several metaphorical mappings are formed between elements of the input mental spaces which express the main intended message and meaning of the cartoon. In other words, using the aforementioned blending, the cartoonist portrays Trump and his government’s attempt to activate the trigger mechanism as a desperate effort that is doomed to failure. The cartoon 2 is based on metaphor ‘the trigger mechanism is a gun’ in which the JCPOA trigger mechanism is conceptualized as a gun at the hands of the US government using it as a tool to threaten and pressure Iran. The metaphor implies the coercion and bullying of the US government and Trump himself, who, despite leaving the JCPOA and imposing economic sanctions on Iran, is trying to illegally vote for the trigger mechanism in the UN Security Council and activate it. On the other hand, the way in which Trump is depicted sitting on the ground and knocking at the closed door of the Security Council pleadingly, implies the weakness and desperation of the US government in winning the votes of other members of the JCPOA, as well as members of the Security Council. Thus, using the above-mentioned metaphor, the cartoonist has put together two opposite concepts of coercion and desperation related to the US government. In addition to conceptual metaphor and blending, two conceptual metonymies are also found in cartoons: ‘person for country/government’ and ‘place for organization/institution’. Since the concepts of ‘country/ government’ and ‘organization/ institution’ are much more abstract than the concepts of ‘person’ and ‘place’ and hence are more difficult to be depicted, cartoonists use the latter ones. Therefore, these two metonymies enable cartoonists to represent their intended concepts easily. 5. Conclusions & Suggestions The research findings are in line with the view of researchers such as Kövecses (2010) who considers cartoons as a rich source for nonverbal representation of metaphors in which conceptual metaphors are depicted visually. Moreover, the prominent presence of metaphor (as well as metonymy) in political cartoons confirms this important principle of conceptual metaphor theory that metaphor is not a figure of speech, but a mode of thought which underlies not only the language but also the other human mental products, including cartoons. Select Bibliography Fauconnier, G., & Turner, M. 2002. The way we think: Conceptual blending and the mind’s hidden complexities. New York: Basic books. Forceville, C. 2009. “Non-verbal and multimodal metaphor in cognitivist framework: Agendas for research”. In C. Forceville & E. Urios-Aparisi (Eds.), Multimodal metaphor (pp. 19–48). Berlin: Mouton De Gruyter. Forceville, C. 1996. Pictorial Metaphor in Advertising. London/New York: Routledge. Kövecses, Z. 2010. Metaphor: A Practical Introduction (2nd Ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. Lakoff, G. 1993. The contemporary theory of metaphor. In A. Ortony (ed.), Metaphor and thought. 202-251. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Lakoff, G., & Johnson, M. 1980. Metaphors We Live by. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Lan, C., & Zuo, D. 2016. Pictorial-verbal metaphors in Chinese editorial cartoons on food safety. Metaphor and the Social World, 6 (1): 20–51. Ruiz de Mendoza Ibánez, F. J., & Díez Velascom, O. 2002. Patterns of conceptual interaction. In R. Dirven & R. Pörings (eds.), Metaphor and Metonymy in Comparison and Contrast (pp. 489-532). Berlin/New York: Mouton de Gruyter. Ruiz de Mendoza Ibánez, F. J. & Otal Campo, J. L. 2002. Metonymy, Grammar and Communication. Granada: Comares, Estudios de Lengua Inglesa. کارتون‌های سیاسی ابزارهایی نیرومند و تأثیرگذارند که در خدمت بیان مفاهیم و دیدگاه‌های سیاسی درمی‌آیند و در آنها به‌وفور از سازوکارهای شناختی مانند استعاره، مجاز و آمیختگی مفهومی استفاده می‌شود. در هشت سال گذشته «برجام» مهم‌ترین موضوع در سیاست خارجی ایران بوده که در کارتون‌های سیاسی داخلی نیز بازتاب گسترده‌ای یافته‌است. یکی از موضوعاتی که در سال 1399 به محل منازعۀ بین آمریکا و دیگر کشورهای عضو برجام تبدیل شد، مکانیزم ماشه بود. در پژوهش حاضر در چارچوب سه نظریۀ استعارۀ مفهومی (لیکاف و جانسون، 1980؛ لیکاف، 1993)، استعارۀ چندوجهی (فورسویل، 1996، 2009) و آمیختگی مفهومی (فوکونیه و ترنر، 2002) دو کارتون سیاسی با موضوع مکانیزم ماشه از پایگاه اینترنتی خبرگزاری تسنیم استخراج و بررسی شده‌اند. نتایج این بررسی نشان می‌دهد که یکی از کارتون‌ها حول محور آمیختگی مفهومی میان دو فضای ذهنی «تکدی‌گری» و «فعال‌سازی مکانیزم ماشه» شکل گرفته‌است و دیگری حول محور استعارۀ «مکانیزم ماشه، یک تفنگ است». علاوه‌بر استعاره و آمیختگی مفهومی، دو مجاز مفهومی اساسی نیز در کارتون‌ها یافت می‌شود؛ یکی «شخص به‌جای کشور/ دولت» و دیگری «مکان به‌جای سازمان/ نهاد». کارتونیست با این سازوکارهای شناختی تلاش ترامپ و دولت او را برای فعال‌سازی مکانیزم ماشه تلاشی از سر ضعف و درماندگی و محکوم به شکست ترسیم کرده‌است.

https://zaban.guilan.ac.ir/article_5355_5c1786988aa04052718394aa3deeb46c.pdf

دانشگاه گیلان زبان فارسی و گویش‌های ایرانی 2476-6585 6 2 2022 02 20 Investigating Pro.Making Topicalization of Possession Construction And Complementary Object in Persian Language Based on Functional Discourse Grammar بررسی مبتداسازی ضمیرگذار ساخت ملکی و مفعول متممی زبان فارسی برپایۀ دستور گفتمانی‌نقشی 131 160 5367 10.22124/plid.2022.20616.1557 FA محسن طاهری دانشجوی دکتری زبان‌شناسی، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران. علی علیزاده دانشیار زبان‎شناسی، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران حامد مولایی کوهبنانی استادیار زبان‌شناسی، دانشکده ایران‌شناسی، دانشگاه ولی‌عصر(عج) رفسنجان، رفسنجان، ایران. Journal Article 2021 09 17 The purpose of this study is to investigate Persian pro.making topicalization of possession construction and complementary object and how pronominal clitics appear according to "Functional Discourse Grammar". Thus, in this study the method of mapping Persian pro.making topicalized elements was explained based on this grammar. The results of the study and analysis of a number of selected sentences from speech and written texts of Persian language indicate that in this construction, considering communicative intention of the speaker, various elements such as possessor in possession constructions and complementary object can be topicalized, so the dynamic method of determining the word order of this approach is suitable to explain it. On the other hand, due to the fact that the topicalized constituent in the interpersonal level, based on the principles of this grammar, is given priority in entering morphosyntactic templates, the pro.making topicalization process is not the result of movement, but is produced in base-generated procedures. The most important result of this study is to determine the cause of the appearance of pronominal clitics in Persian pro.making topicalization process and to determine whether it is obligatory or non- obligatory, which is done for the first time by applying the mechanisms of this approach. 1. Introduction Topicalization is a linguistic mechanism that alters the unmarked arrangement of the sentence structure and constructs a "non-fundamental (marked)" structure; That is, it creates a structure that is a modified form of "fundamental" construction. In topicalization process, part of the information desired by the speaker takes the first place in the paragraph to facilitate the information status of the audience. In this study, the topicalization of possession construction and complementary object in Persian language is examined based on "Functional Discourse Grammar". Up to now, linguists have presented a variety of functional approaches in the form of a continuum, based on the importance of function over form. Functional Discourse Grammar (FDG), introduced by Kees Hengeveld and Lachlan Mackenzie (2008), is a typological-functional approach, which lies in the middle of the continuum of functional approaches. Although this grammar is in the continuum of functional approaches, it also considers the structural features of language units. The present study will investigate Persian pro making topicalization based on Functional Discourse grammar and seeks to find answers for the following questions: 1- Considering the fact that no movement is allowed for the constituents in Functional Discourse Grammar, how does it explain the Persian pro.making topicalization? 2- How can the principles of Functional Discourse Grammar determine the order of pro.making topicalized constituents in Persian at the beginning of the clause and the appearance of pronominal clitic in their main positions? 2. Theoretical framework The theoretical framework of the present study is one of the newest approaches in functional linguistics. The construction of language in this grammar is considered to be done in four levels, Interpersonal, Representational, Morphosyntactic and Phonological ones. This grammar, has a dynamic method of determining the order of constituents. Thus, the position of any linguistic element in the clause is not predetermined in the sentence structure, but is determined based on the layer in which it is produced, its functional and semantic role (linguistic context), and according to other upstream elements in the hierarchy of layers of interpersonal and representational levels. Therefore, in FDG, instead of three categories of subject, object, and verb, the concepts of actor, undergoer, and predicate, respectively, determine the word order of the languages of the world. The mapping operation of interpersonal and representational levels on morphosyntactic templates in FDG is performed under the rule of three principles of iconicity, domain integrity and functional stability. The principle of iconicity oversees the maintenance of correspondence in the mapping of the sequence of the formation of the contents of interpersonal and representation levels on the morphosyntactic level. According to the principle of domain integrity, linguistic elements that belong to each other at the interpersonal and representational levels should also be mapped adjacent to each other at the morphosyntactic level. According to the principle of functional stability, constituents that have the same characteristics, both at the interpersonal level and at the representational level, should be placed at the same position in morphosyntactic level in relation to other categories. 3. Methodology This study is based on a descriptive-analytical method and the examples are taken from pro.making Persian topicalized samples. The main purpose of this study is to explain the process of pro.making persian topicalization based on FDG. Since this grammar does not believe in concepts such as movement, we will seek to explain this process in base-generated procedures. Therefore, the method of mapping the linguistic elements of sentences containing pro.making Persian topicalized constituents was considered in morphosyntactic templates in four absolute initial, second, medial and final positions and infinite relative ones and the three principles of iconicity, domain integrity and functional stability used in FDG. 4. Results & Discussion The results indicate that in marked constituents such as Persian pro.making topicalization, considering the communicative intention of the speaker, various elements such as the possessor in possession constructions and complementary object can be topicalized, thus the dynamic method of determining the word order of this approach is a suitable and efficient method to explain this type of topicalization. On the other hand, due to the fact that the topicalized constituent in the interpersonal level, based on the principles of this grammar, is given priority in entering morphosyntactic templates, so the topicalization process is not the result of movement, but is produced in base-generated procedures. The most important result of this study is to determine the cause of the appearance of the pronominal clitics in Persian pro.making topicalization process and to determine whether it is obligatory or non- obligatory, which is done by applying the mechanisms of FDG. The results also showed that the production of linguistic elements in the layers of hierarchical levels of FDG and the way they are arranged in absolute and relative positions in marked constituents such as pro.making Persian topicalization is done by violating the three principles of iconicity, domain integrity and functional stability, which was analyzed in several Persian examples. 5. conclusions & Suggestions By investigating the mechanisms of FDG, it was found that this approach is appropriate in determining the word order of pro.making topicalization process and that pro.making topicalization is not the result of movement but the tropicalized constituent is produced in its original position by violating the principles of FDG. Examining the principles of FDG in other Persian marked and unmarked structures is recommended for the future studies. Select Bibliography Dabirmoghadam, M. 2005. “About “ra” in Persian”. Studies in Persian Linguistics, Dabirmoghadam. Iran University Press. 83-146. Dabirmoghadam, M. 2013. Typology of Iranian languages. Tehran: Samt. [in Persian] Fanselow, G., DamirĆavar. 2002. “Distributed deletion”. Theoretical Approaches to Universals (Linguistik Aktuell/ Linguistics Today (49): 65-107. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Hengeveld, K., & Mackenzie, L. 2005. “Dynamic Expression in Functional Discourse Grammar”.Mouton de Gruyter, 53-86. Kahnemuyipour, A., & Shabani, M. 2018. “Split Noun Phrase Topicalization in Eshkevarat Gilaki”. The Linguistic Review, 4(35): 625-646 Kahnemuyipour, A., & Shabani, M. 2018. “Split Topicalization with (out) Resumption”. Proceedings of Annual Conference of the Canadian Linguistic Association, University of Regina, Canada. 1-13. Keizer, E. 2015. A Functional Discourse Grammar for English. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Moezipour, F. 2019. “Discussion on Persian Left Arrangement & its Theoretical Challenges for Role & Reference Grammar”. Researches in Linguistics, 11 (2): 45-64. [in Persian] Mowlaei Kuhbanani, H. 2017. Persian Word Order & Constituent Extraposition Explanation Based on FDG. Linguistics PhD Thesis, Mashhad: Ferdowsi University. [in Persian] Rasekhmahand, M. 2010. “Persian Clitics Near Verbs”. Researches in Linguistics, 2 2(2): 75-85. [in Persian] هدف پژوهش حاضر، بررسی فرایند مبتداسازی ضمیرگذار از ساخت ملکی و مفعول متممی فارسی و چگونگی ظهور واژه‌بست ضمیری در پی اعمال آن براساس دستور گفتمانی‌نقشی است. در مقالۀ پیش رو نحوۀ نگاشت عناصر مبتداسازی‌شدۀ ضمیرگذار فارسی در قالب‌های ساخت‌واژی-نحوی معرفی شده در دستور گفتمانی‌نقشی تحلیل شد. نتایج بررسی و تحلیل تعدای ازجمله‎های منتخب از گفتار و متون نوشتاری زبان فارسی نشان می‌دهد که در این ساخت، با عنایت به نیت ارتباطی سخنگو عناصر مختلفی نظیر مالک در ساخت اضافی و مفعول متممی می‌توانند سازۀ مبتدا واقع گردند و روش پویای تعیین ترتیب سازه‌ای این دستور روشی مناسب و کارآمد برای تبیین آن است. از طرف دیگر، با توجه به اینکه سازۀ مبتداشده در سطح بینافردی براساس اصول این دستور در اولویت ورود به قالب‌های ساخت‌واژی-نحوی قرار می‌گیرد، لذا فرایند مبتداسازی حاصل حرکت نیست بلکه عنصر مبتداشده به‌صورت پایه‌زایشی در جایگاه اصلی خود تولید می‌شود. مهم‌ترین نتیجۀ پژوهش حاضر تبیین علت ظهور واژه‌بست ضمیری در فرایند مبتداسازی ضمیرگذار فارسی از هر دو ساخت ملکی و مفعول متممی و تعیین اجباری و غیراجباری‌بودن آن است که برای نخستین بار با اِعمال سازوکارهای دستور گفتمانی‌نقشی صورت می‌پذیرد.

https://zaban.guilan.ac.ir/article_5367_dd10e5f03de888675749492ee332d5ab.pdf

دانشگاه گیلان زبان فارسی و گویش‌های ایرانی 2476-6585 6 2 2022 02 20 Representing the Concept of Future in Persian Writings by Foreign Students: An Analysis Based on a Concept-oriented Approach بازنمایی مفهوم آیندگی در نوشته‌های فارسی‌آموزان خارجی: تحلیلی بر پایۀ رویکرد مفهوم‌محور 161 185 5472 10.22124/plid.2022.20414.1550 FA رضامراد صحرائی استاد زبان‌شناسی دانشگاه علامه ‌طباطبائی تهران، ایران شیوا مجیدی دانشجوی دکتری زبان‌شناسی دانشگاه علامه ‌طباطبائی، تهران، ایران. Journal Article 2021 08 19 The present study represents the concept of future in the writings of foreign Persian learners based on three stages (pragmatics, lexical and morphological) concept-oriented approach. The corpus of this research is 50 texts written by Persian foreign students from China, Russia, Iraq, Uzbekistan and Syria, in elementary, intermediate and advanced language levels. The purpose of this study is to answer the question whether the application of the concept of future in Persian's writings based on the stages of the concept-oriented approach is represented or not. The study and analysis of Persian students’ writings showed that the concept of future is represented according to the three stages of the concept-oriented approach in Persian writing for students of elementary to advanced levels. The results showed that Persian learners in the first stage (pragmatics) are familiar with the concept of future and use their knowledge of the first language to understand and understand this concept. At higher language levels, with more learning of Persian, in addition to having a lexical stage, they also reach a morphological stage and use various forms to express the concept of the future. 1. Introduction The concept-based approach is presented in the framework of Functional Theory. In this approach, there are two orientations to study language forms and functions associations. The former deals with the form-function, and the latter has a focus on the function - form mapping. This study first will use the simple present tense as a form and concentrates on its functions. Then will gather forms by which the concept of futurity could be expressed. According to the concept-oriented approach, language learners have underlying concepts in their first language, which should be mapped with new linguistic forms in their second language. The lower the language level of Persian learners, the more they use forms of higher functional load. Progress in language learning will enrich the grammatical repertoire. The focus of the present study is the extent to which concept-oriented approach could explain futurity use in learners’ writings. The aim of the present study is to investigate whether the representation of futurity in writings of foreign learners is based on the stages of the concept-oriented approach or not. 2. Theoretical framework Based on the concept-oriented approach, the concept of time is represented in several ways. The fundamental principle of this approach is that second language learners have access to semantic concepts through their cognitive and linguistic experience and require specific methods and devices to express those concepts, which are learned in three stages of pragmatic stage, lexical and morphological. First, the learner selects a form to express the concept in the second language after activating the concept in his first language. Then, uses connectors and enters the morphological stage, where the concept of time is learned through grammatical tense and grammatical morphemes. Therefore, in order to investigate futurity, it is crucial to study the expression of the concept at each level by evaluating excerpts of Persian's foreign learners’ writings, and to explain the process of concept and form mapping development in the framework mentioned earlier. 3. Methodology This research is of analytical and applied type, and based on the concept-oriented approach and its stages, the degree of representation of the futurity in the writings of foreign students is examined. The data was collected through 50 writings of male and female Persian learners at basic to advanced levels and from Chinese, Russian, Iraqi, Syrian and Uzbek students. The learners participated in a placement test‌ at Persian Language Center for non-Persian speakers at Allameh Tabatabai University and then spent one semester on Persian course. At the end of the course, the learners' texts written in progress test, were carefully examined, and the representation and frequency of occurrence of expressions conveying futurity were analyzed based on the stages of the concept-oriented approach. 4. Result & Discussion Since at the Pragmatic stage, Persian learners have perception of futurity in their first language, therefore, this study concentrated on this concept at lexical and morphological stages. The results revealed that words and adverbs are used to express the future tense at basic level. learners used adverbs of time in combination with the simple present tense (e.g. I go to Persian class tomorrow.) 30.90 percent use of the adverbs of time and (27.27%) percent use of simple present tense was viewed at the lexical stage among intermediate learners. These learners also used obligatory forms (27.27%), modals (12.72%) and auxiliary verb "want" (1.81%) at the morphological stage. This explains Persian learners’ transition from the lexical stage, while maintaining its knowledge, to the morphological stage and their ability to apply more complex forms. The use of adverbs of time (32.25%) and simple present tense (14.51%) were also noted at the lexical stage among advanced learners. Obligatory forms (25.80%), modals (14.51%) and finally the auxiliary verb "want"(12.90%) were used at the morphological stage, which shows an increase in learners’ knowledge and their progress at morphological stage. Basic Chinese learners, used more future forms of the present tense and simple present tense at the lexical stage, in comparison with learners of other nationalities. The reason could be the lack of verb conjugation in Chinese. Learners of other countries used future forms equally. Adverbials and simple present tense were used more at the lexical stage among intermediate learners. Uzbek, Russian, Iraqi, and Syrian Persian learners were the next ones in this regard. Also, at intermediate level, Chinese learners used more future forms in their writings at the morphological stage than learners of other nationalities. Only intermediate-level Chinese learners in the morphological stage have used the auxiliary form "want". At the advanced level, Chinese Persian learners have used more future forms (obligatory form, modals, and auxiliary verb) than other Persian learners. Iraqi and Uzbek learners performed similarly, and other Persian learners used less future forms in the morphological stage. 5. Conclusion & Suggestions The results showed that foreign Persian learners are familiar with the concept of futurity at the beginning of education and use their knowledge of their first language to understand this concept. With the gradual development of the Persian language, they use the words and lexical forms of the target language to express the futurity. In accordance with the obtained results, futurity use in Persian's writings of foreign students is in line with the stages of the concept-oriented approach. This means that the efficacy of this approach for learning futurity is approved. Select Bibliography Anwari, H. 2011. Persian grammer. Isfahan: Bishe. [in Persian] Dabir-Moghadam, M. 2014. Theoretical linguistics: Emergence and development of Generative Grammar. (Second Edition, Seventh Edition). Tehran: Samat. [in Persian] Ellis, N. 2013. “Frequency-based grammar and the acquisition of tense and aspect”. in L2 learning. In R. Salaberry & L. Comajoan (Eds.), Research Design and Methodology in Studies on Second Language Tense and Aspect (pp. 89-117). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. Harun, H., Abdullah, N., Ab Wahab, N., & Zainuddin, N. 2019. Concept Based Instruction: “Enhancing Grammar Competence in L2 Learners”. RELC Journal, 2(50): 252-268. Lee, H. 2012. Concept-based approach to second language teaching and learning: Cognitive lingusitics-inspired instruction of English phrasal verbs. The Pennsylvania State University. Meshkato-Dini, M. 2007. Persian Grammar: Vocabulary and Structural Links. Tehran: Samat. [in Persian] Van Patten, B., & Jessica W. 2015. Theories in Second Language Acquisition. Routledge: Taylor & Francis Group. Sahraei, R. 2021. Concept-based approach; A functional approach to explaining the inter language of foreign Persian learners ", Journal of Professor Mohammad Zia Hosseini (Tajuddin and Bakhtiari). Tehran: Allameh Tabatabai University. [in Persian] Van Patten, B., & Williams, J. 2014. “One Functional Approach to SLA: The Concept-Oriented Approach Kathleen Bardovi-Harlig”. In Theories in Second Language Acquisition (pp. 66-86). Routledge. Williams, L., Abraham, L. B., & Negueruela-Azarola, E. 2013. “Using concept-based instruction in the L2 classroom: Perspectives from current and future language teachers. Language Teaching Research”, 3(17): 3-363. پژوهش حاضر به بازنمایی مفهوم آیندگی در نوشته‌های فارسی‌آموزان خارجی بر پایۀ مراحل سه‌گانۀ (کاربردشناختی، واژگانی و ساخت‌واژی) رویکرد مفهوم‌محور می‌پردازد. پیکرة این پژوهش 50 متن نگارش فارسی‌آموزان خارجی از کشورهای (چین ـ روسیه ـ عراق ـ ازبکستان ـ سوریه) در سطوح زبانی مقدماتی، میانی و پیشرفته است. فارسی‌آموزان یک ترم تحصیلی در مرکز آموزش زبان فارسی به غیرفارسی‌زبانان دانشگاه علامه طباطبائی در نیمسال اول 98-99 به یادگیری زبان فارسی پرداختند. هدف از این پژوهش دستیابی به پاسخ این پرسش است که آیا کاربرد مفهوم آیندگی در نوشته‌های فارسی‌‌آموزان مبتنی‌بر مراحل رویکرد مفهوم‌محور بازنمایی یافته‌است یا خیر. بررسی و تحلیل نوشته‌های فارسی‌آموزان نشان داد که مفهوم آیندگی مطابق مراحل سه‌گانۀ رویکرد مفهوم‌محور در نوشتار فارسی‌آموزان سطوح مقدماتی تا پیشرفته بازنمایی یافته‌است. نتایج نشان داد که فارسی‌آموزان، در مرحلۀ اول (کاربردشناختی) با مفهوم آیندگی آشنایی دارند و از دانش زبان اول خود برای درک و شناخت این مفهوم بهره می‌گیرند. آنها در سطوح زبانی بالاتر با یادگیری بیشتر زبان فارسی، علاوهبر داشتن مرحلة واژگانی به مرحلة ساخت‌واژی نیز می‌رسند و در بیان مفهوم آیندگی از صورت‌های متعددی نیز استفاده می‌کنند.

https://zaban.guilan.ac.ir/article_5472_545d88cb01a596e9f0e993ed94e46953.pdf

دانشگاه گیلان زبان فارسی و گویش‌های ایرانی 2476-6585 6 2 2022 02 20 Textual Criticism of Taḥrimat al-qalam beside Editing Some Couplets of it متن‏‌شناسی تحریمةالقلم و تصحیح ابیاتی از آن 187 210 5419 10.22124/plid.2022.21317.1583 FA محمود رحیمی دانش‌آموختۀ دکتری زبان و ادبیات فارسی، دانشکده علوم انسانی دانشگاه سمنان، سمنان، ایران محمدکاظم یوسف پور دانشیار زبان و ادبیات فارسی، دانشکده علوم انسانی، دانشگاه گیلان، رشت، ایران Journal Article 2021 12 21 Sanāʾī is one of the epoch maker and eloquent poets in history of Persian literature. Among survived works by him one can name the short mathnavī Taḥrīmat al-qalam. This mathnavī has been edited by Mujtabā Mīnuvī (1957-8), Riżā Māyil Hiravī (1967) and Muḥammad-Taqī Mudarris Rażavī (1969). The last effort, i.e. the edition by the late Mudarris Rażavī, has been the target of researchers' attention and reference during the last half century. But in this edition one can still see a variety of omissions and slips which is mostly emerged through partial deficiency of editor's sources as well as methodological mistakes. In this research, after searching for and acquiring all of the known manuscripts up to now, we have dealt with their examination and genealogy, in addition to the history of the text. Then we have edited and reformed a remarkable number of couplets in Mudarris Rażavī's edition, with regard to manuscripts of the text, the text's evidence, analogous concepts and structures in other literary and mystical texts, old and new lexicons, in addition to the contemporary researches. 1. Introduction In addition to this fact that Sanāʾī is an epoch maker poet, he is also a work-intensive and a variety of literary works is attributed to him. During the last 60 years, the authority of short Mathnavīs has been seriously doubted. Although de Bruijn has questioned attribution of Taḥrīmat al-qalam to him, and de Blois accordingly has so, most of the researchers before de Bruijn, and albeit after him, have accepted Taḥrīmat al-qalam's attribution to Sanāʾī and unlike to other works like Sanāʾī- ābād, ʿIqnāmah, Tariq ul-tahqiq, etc. Taḥrīma is regarded as an undoubted work by him. Taḥrīmat al-qalam is contained in two of the oldest documents of Sanāʾī's works: 1- Velieddin 2627 (now in the Bayezit Library, Istanbul) which was copied at Herat in 683-84 A.H. /1284-85; 2- Unquestionably early (second half 6th cent.), but not dated, is the Taḥrīmat al-qalam that is contained in the kulliyyāt manuscript that was kept at the Kābul Museum before its building was pillaged and destroyed during the upheavals of the past few decades in Afghanistan. Its present whereabouts are unknown, but fortunately it had been published in a facsimile edition in Kābul in 1977. These two are manuscripts of Sanāʾī 's collected works (Kullīyāt). It should be noted that other old manuscripts only include some works by Sanāʾī, so absence of a certain work can not be used as an evidence for its authority's disapproval. Additionally, none of the spurious Mathnavīes is contained in the old sources. Works such as Ṭarῑq ut-Taḥqῑq, ʿiqnāmah, Sanāʾī- ābād, Bahrām va Behrūz, etc. are attributed to Sanāʾī only in the manuscripts dated to 11th A.H. and thereafter. Some of these Mathnavīes contained in the manuscripts of 9th and 10th A.H. centuries, and are attributed to poets other than Sanāʾī. 2. Theoretical Framework This research is on the framework of textual criticism. Textual criticism tries to reach to the nearest version of the text seeped from the writer's pen, based on the most reliable, accurate and oldest sources. In order to achieve this aim, the critic follows principles and methods in which the selected version of the text is chosen based on the evidence and documents. The critic also avoids conjectures and arbitrary or taste-connected applications. 3. Methodology Manuscripts consisting of Taḥrīmat al-qalam are our main documents and sources in editing the lines (“Bayts” hereafter). Additionally, other works by Sanāʾī, works by his contemporaries, mystical texts and lexicons, etc. expand our source basis. The dominant characteristic of all these manuscripts is that they are written between 6th – 9th centuries A.H. and there is no trace of Taḥrīma in manuscripts thereafter. Survived manuscripts of this text that we know are four: Velieddin 2627 (now in the Bayezit Library), dated 683-4 A.H., Istanbul; kulliyyāt manuscript that was kept at the Kābul Museum (No. 318 in catalogue by de Beaurecueil); facsimile edition in Kābul in 1977; Fātih library 3734, by Gulšanī Hiravī in 884 A.H., Istanbul; Hâlet Efendi Ilavesi 61, Istanbul. Considering our final selected text, it seems that validity of Kābul manuscript stands at the first level, and Veliuddin Efendi at the second. 4. Discussion & Results From 103 Bayts collected in Mudarris Rażavī's edition, we re-edited Bayts No. 3, 4, 22, 23, 33, 34, 38, 42, 44, 47, 52, 58, 64, 73, 75, 76, 77, 78, 81, 82, 90, 102. Our editions include lexical cases, grammatical forms, verb applications, order and arrangement of Bayts, etc. besides, in this paper a few misprints are mentioned and re-edited. 5. Conclusions & Suggestions In regard to the small number of this Mathnavī (103 Bayts), mistakes and slips count of Mudarris Rażavī's edition (34 cases) are remarkable. This fact shows that subsequent researches are necessary to achieve a recension such as many other texts. Another achievement gained through our research refers to the degree of validity and accuracy of text variants in the existing manuscripts of this Mathnavī. In most cases the records of Kābul are more accurate and older than other manuscripts. However, the late fact is not generalizable to other works by Sanāʾī. Select Bibliography de Blois, Francois, 2004. Persian Literature: A Bio-Bibliographical Survey, Vol. V (Poetry of the Pre-Mongol Period), London and New York: Routledge Curzon. de Bruijn, J. T. P., 1983. Of Piety and Poetry: The Interaction of Religion and Literature in the Life and Works of Ḥakīm Sanā'ī of Ghazna, Leiden: Brill. Idem, “the Qalandariyyāt in Persian Mystical Poetry,” in The Legacy of Mediaeval Persian Sufism, ed. Leonard Lewisohn, London and New York, 1992: 75-86. Idem, 1957-8. “Taḥrīmat al-qalam, ed. by Mujtabā Mīnuvī in Farhang-i Īrānzamīn, v, 5“ 15. [in Persian] Idem, 1969. Mathnavīhā-i Hakim Sanāʾī, ed. by Muḥammad-Taqī Mudarris-i Rażavī, Tehran Intišārāt-i Dānišgāh-i Tihrān. [in Persian] Idem, 1998. Ḥadiqat al-ḥaqiqa wa šariʿat al-ṭariqa (Faḵri-nāma), ed. Muḥammad-Taqī Mudarris-i Rażavī, Tehran: Intišārāt-i Dānišgāh-i Tihrān. [in Persian] Idem, Kullīyat, ms. Velieddin 2627 (now in the Bayezit Library, Istanbul) copied at Herat in 683-84 A.H. /1284-85 Idem, 1977. Kullīyat-I ašʿār-i Ḥakīm Sanāʾī Ġaznavī (quddisa sirruh), čāp-i ʿaksī, ed. By ʿalī-Aṣġar Bašīr, Kābul. [in Persian] Sanāʾī-i Ġaznavī, Ḥakīm Majdūd-i Ᾱdam, 2009. Dīvān, ed. Muḥammad-Taqī Mudarris-i Rażavī, Tehran: Intišārāt-i Sanāʾī. [in Persian] Utas, Bo, 1973. Ṭarῑq ut-Taḥqῑq: A Critical Edition, with a History of the Text and a Commentary, Lund: Scandinavian Institute of Asian Studies. ازجملۀ آثاری که از سنائی غزنوی، شاعر زبانآور و دورانساز تاریخ ادبیات فارسی باقی مانده، مثنوی کوتاه تحریمةالقلم است. این مثنوی را استادان دانشمند مجتبی مینوی (1336)، رضا مایل هروی (1346) و محمدتقی مدرس رضوی (1348) تصحیح کرده‌اند. آخرین کوشش، یعنی تصحیح شادروان مدرس رضوی، در نیمقرن اخیر همواره محل توجه و مراجعۀ اهل تحقیق بوده‌است. بااینحال، در این چاپ سهوهای متعددی دیده میشود که غالبا به‎سبب برخی کاستیها در منابع مصحح و اشکالات روششناختی رخ دادهاست. در این نوشتار پس از جست‌وجو و تحصیل همۀ منابع شناختهشدۀ این مثنوی تا امروز، نخست به تبارشناسی این منابع و نقد و تحلیل متن‌شناختی آنها پرداخته‌ایم، سپس براساس این دست‌نوشت‌ها، با توجه به قراین موجود در خود متن، مضامین و ساختهای مشابه در سایر متون ادبی و عرفانی کهن، فرهنگهای قدیم و جدید و تحقیقات معاصران، تعداد قابلتوجهی از ابیات متن مصحح مدرس رضوی را تصحیح و اصلاح کرده‌ایم.

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دانشگاه گیلان زبان فارسی و گویش‌های ایرانی 2476-6585 6 2 2022 02 20 Investigation and analysis of some linguistic views of Imam Bakhsh Sehabai's: A Focus on Sharh-i-Se Nathr-i-Zuhuri بررسی و تحلیل برخی از دیدگاه‌های زبانی امام‏‌بخش صهبایی با تکیه بر شرح سه نثر ظهوری 217 247 5405 10.22124/plid.2022.20659.1558 FA مهدی باقری دانشجوی دکتری زبان و ادبیات فارسی، دانشکده ادبیات و زبان‌های خارجی، دانشگاه تبریز، تبریز، ایران محمد خاکپور دانشیار زبان و ادبیات فارسی، دانشکده ادبیات و زبان‌های خارجی، دانشگاه تبریز، تبریز، ایران. محمد مهدی پور استاد زبان و ادبیات فارسی، دانشکده ادبیات و زبان‌های خارجی، دانشگاه تبریز، تبریز، ایران. Journal Article 2021 09 21 A work of art is a different way of looking, and this artistic attitude is manifested in linguistic functions. The use of linguistic elements also reflects the artistic attitude of the artist; In the sense that the author makes his work eloquent, eloquent fluent and effective by using artistic language. In the present descriptive-analytical research, we have tried to read the new elements of the book "Sharh-i-Se Nathr-i-Zuhuri ", which represents the critique of the emerging linguistics of the nineteenth century in the subcontinent. New elements such as the difference of words based on the difference of vowel and consonant , substitution of the substitute, the agreement of the people in the subject of vocabulary. The main purpose of this research is to discover and introduce these new linguistic elements that have been discussed in the field of linguistics of the Sahbai period. The achievements show that the commentator was able to maintain the connection between the three basic elements of the author, the text and the audience in the description of the work and to observe the scientific standards of linguistics that were still developing. He was also well able to follow the linguistic issues of his period, according to the scientific principles and standards of his time in his works Scientific re-reading of the linguistic views of Sahbai and his contemporaries can be effective for the audience in understanding the literary works of this period, poetry, prose research and, as a result, enriching the capacities of linguistic criticism. 1. Introduction: Sharh Seh Nasr Zohouri is one of the most important works of Imam Bakhsh Sahbaiie in the field of Sharh Artistic texts, in the subcontinent. It has a special place in the field of linguistics, rhetoric and literary criticism. The purpose of writing this book was to answer the the scientific needs of the subcontinent's educational society of the 18th century. In this work, the commentary with the adoption of a scientific method commensurate with its nature and with the consideration of the type of text and the level of the audience in explaining new linguistic issues that were being developed in that age. 2. Theoretical framework Many of the linguistic discussions that later took place in the western part of the world and became known as linguistics, have come in the books and dictionaries of the Persian language and some of the commentaries on the prose and poetry of the writers of this period. Among the main issues that have been discussed and explained in these works are categorizations of Persian language, number of alphabetic elements, pronunciation and movement of letters, place of articulation and attributes of the letters, the difference between “Dal” and “Zal”, and different dialects of Farsi and Persianization. One of the other interesting and thought provoking things in all these works is the debates and arguments of Iranian literary immigrants to India and scholars of language and critics with Indian scholars who have been studying Persian and investigating texts of Persian poetry and prose. The discussion of the similarity of languages among critics of the subcontinent, especially Sahbaei, is more closely related to Saussure's statements. According to Ferdinando de Saussure, in his book Course in General Linguistics, linguists believe in the existence of Indo-European, Semitic, and Bantu language families. The languages associated with these families can be compared to each other and in some cases they reveal much broader and older kinships. Seraj Aldin Ali Khan Arzu, scientifically, introduced this issue of the similarity of languages and other substitution of the substitute in his Muthmir treatise, and the more practical form of these linguistic theories became more apparent in Sahaba'i's commentaries. In the West, too, linguists such as William Jones paid attention to these linguistic issues of the subcontinent writers, to these lexical commonalities, and to the similarity of the Persian and Indian languages, and formed their scientific arguments accordingly. "Substitution of the substitute" is a new topic in the linguistics of that period, the roots of which can be found in Arabic syntax. An exchange is a type of exchange in which a word is turned into a word once and it is transformed into another word. Arzu calls this case "substitution of the substitute ". Sahbai, through exploring the "Se Nathr-i-Zuhuri ", based on his accumulations from Khan Arezoo and Arabic syntax, has found examples of exchange and has studied and explained etymology of these examples. 3. Methodology To find the answers to the questions of this paper, descriptively-analytically, we have examined the evidence in "Sharh-i-Se Nathr-i-Zuhuri ". 4. Results & Discussion - Sahaba'i, in the discussion of similarity of languages, in contrast to Khan Arzu, has considered the etymology of words, and besides their pronunciation and meanings. - substitution of the substitute is a new topic in linguistics, it’s root can be found in Arabic syntax. 5 .Conclusions & Suggestions - After Khan Arzu, Sahaba'i was one of the most important and influential figures in development of linguistics in the subcontinent, who was able to study literary works, based on his grace and taste. - The practical aspect of Arzu House's linguistic theory is more visible in Sahbaei 's explanations. - Sahaba'i, in description of the trilogy, has paid special attention to explaining the words, so that he has shown the similarity and homogeneity between Sanskrit and Persian, Arabic and Hindi languages in the form of language agreement and exchange. These are the distinguishing elements of this description in comparison to other explanations. Select Bibliography Arzu of Akbar Abadi, S. 1991. Muthmir, with the introduction and correction of Reyhaneh Khatun, a pre-verification of Abol al-Sadiqi, Pakistan. [in Persian] Rampouri, Najm al-Ghani Khan Sahib, 1919. Nahjoladab, Lucknow, Nawal Kishore. [in Persian] Shafiei Kadkani, M.R. 2006. poetry in the influx of critics of literary criticism, Tehran, Soroush. [in Persian] Sahaba'i Dehlavi Molavi, Imam Bakhsh, 1906. Sharh-i-Se Nathr-i-Zuhuri, Lucknow, Nawal Kishore. [in Persiahn] Sahaba'i Dehlavi Molavi, Imam Bakhsh 1978. Kulliyati-i-sahbai, First Volume, collected: Secretary of Dindialy Kanpur, Niẓāmī Publications. [in Persian] Fotouhi Rudmajani, M. 2006. Fantasy Criticism: A Study of Indian Literary Criticism Perspectives, Tehran: Sokhan Publications. [in Persian] Mojtabaei, F. 2019. Hindi syntax and Arabic syntax, Tehran: Karnameh Publications. [in Persian] Hashemi, M. 1996. Evolution of Persian Prose on the Subcontinent in the Late Timurid, Islamabad: Iran and Pakistan’s Research Center for Persian Language. [in Persian] اثر هنری دیگرگونه نگریستن است و این نگرش هنری در کارکردهای زبانی آشکار می‏گردد. بهره‏گیری از عناصر زبانی نیز، نشانگر نگرش هنری هنرمند است؛ به این معنا که نویسنده با به‌کارگیری زبان هنری اثرش را فصیح و بلیغ و تأثیرگذار می‌گرداند. در پژوهش پیشِ رو به روش توصیفی-تحلیلی سعی کرده‏‌ایم به خوانش عناصر تازۀ کتاب «شرح سه‏نثر ظهوری» که نمایندة نقد زبان‏شناسی نوظهور قرن نوزدهم میلادی در شبه‌قاره است بپردازیم؛ عناصر تازهای چون اختلاف لغات براساس اختلاف مصوت و صامت، بدلالبدل نوع تازهای از ابدال، توافق‌اللسانین در مبحث لغت. هدف اصلی این پژوهش، کشف و معرفی این عناصر تازۀ زبانی است که در حوزۀ زبان‏شناسی دورة صهبایی مطرح بوده‌است. دستاوردها گویای این است که شارح به‌خوبی توانسته در شرح اثر، ارتباط بین سه عنصر اساسی پدیدآورنده، متن و مخاطب را حفظ و موازین علمی زبان‏شناسی را که هنوز در حال تکوین بوده، رعایت کند. همچنین او به‌خوبی توانسته‌است مسائل زبانی دورۀ خود را، طبق اصول و موازین علمی روزگار در آثار خود پی بگیرد. بازخوانی علمی آرای زبانی صهبایی و معاصرانش می‌تواند برای مخاطب در ادراک آثار ادبی این دوره، شعرشناسی، نثرپژوهی و در نتیجه، غنابخشی به ظرفیت‌های نقد زبانی مؤثر افتد.

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دانشگاه گیلان زبان فارسی و گویش‌های ایرانی 2476-6585 6 2 2022 02 20 Temporal Frames of Reference in Persian چارچوب‌های ارجاع زمانی در زبان فارسی 243 263 5488 10.22124/plid.2022.18658.1515 FA سهند الهامی خراسانی دانش‌آموختۀ دکتری زبان‌شناسی همگانی، دانشکده ادبیات فارسی و زبان‌های خارجی، دانشگاه علامه طباطبائی، تهران، ایران Journal Article 2021 01 16 The current article studies the temporal Frames of Reference in Persian. What is most manifest in this field is the theoretical dissention. This article has reviewed the main approaches and frameworks in the field. The relationship between space and time domains is attested, yet despite many examples of mapping time in terms of space being found, it does not mean that the relationship between these two domains is unidirectional, since instances of describing space in terms of time can also be found. For related theoretical concepts such as Moving Ego & Moving Time models, A & B-Series and Deictic, Sequential & Extrinsic FoRs, examples were mentioned from Persian language. A poll was conducted which led to the conclusion that for Persian speakers the dominant temporal usage of “Jelo-tar” is in the meaning of “sooner”. Some points were mentioned regarding the use of spatial FoRs in the temporal domain and a critical approach to the study of temporal metaphors was also presented. 1. Introduction Space and time are fundamental in human cognition, and cognitive linguistics has always paid special attention to these two domains and their relationship. Among the most important concepts in this field is the Frame of Reference (FoR), which is the coordinate system based on which spatial or temporal position of an object is determined. This study examines the topics related to temporal reference in Persian. There is no previous literature in this field, and all the previous studies in Persian are in the more traditional frameworks, such as conceptual metaphors and the unidirectional mapping of space onto time. In this paper, we will investigate how the relationship between space and time is formulated in Persian and what the roles of deletion, decreasing, and redundancy are in comprehending the temporal Frames of Reference (t-FoRs). 2. Theoretical Framework Most studies of spatial FoRs (s-FoRs) have been separate from time and even when mapping from space to time was in question, the attention has mostly been drawn to movement and less to static FoRs. Nevertheless, despite the fact that only one decade has passed since the beginning of the studies in this field, there is so much dissention. There are three main issues concerning time: 1- How far space properties can be mapped onto time. 2- How varied temporal concepts are. 3- How time’s directionality can be assessed. 3. Results and Discussion In this part, each of the topics proposed in the field is critically introduced and some examples are also provided for them from Persian. First, examples are given for the main four properties of time usually enumerated: being extended, linear, directed and transient. Among these, the first three examples are related to space, and only the last one is exclusively temporal. Examples are also given for A- and B- Series and the two main patterns of temporal description: Moving-Time and Moving-Ego. It is shown that among the three main approaches regarding the relationship between space and time, at least the one considering them separate does not work in Persian, since there are numerous instances of their interaction in this language. Yet, although studies show that this relationship is not symmetrical, it is not unidirectional, as there are also instances of expressing space in terms of time. Among the three main spatial axes, top-down and left-right axes do not have a significant temporal role in Persian, and only the front-back axis has temporal usage too. Some examples are given and then the problem of “front” is addressed: One of the main issues in this field is the temporal interpretation of “front” in languages. The best way to determine it is by asking the speakers of the language to answer a question such as the following: “The meeting originally scheduled for next Monday has been moved forward two days. On what day will it take place?” A survey found out that almost 88% of participants believe it to be on Saturday, which makes “Jelo-tar” in Persian mean “sooner” in its temporal sense, which is itself aligned with Moving-Time pattern and B-series. Concerning the three Levinsonian s-FoRs, it must be said that there is much disagreement among scholars, but one point is worth mentioning: for the Relative FoR to exist there is no need for the relevant information to be explicitly present in the sentence, since the speaker may consider them redundant and therefore reduce them from the sentence. Then, Evan’s framework for t-FoRs is introduced, which has three coordinates parallel with those in s-FoRs: target event, reference point, and origo; and three types: deictic, sequential, and extrinsic. It has been suggested that there is no real distinction between processing literal and figurative language; for example, empirical data shows that a prevalent metaphor is processed faster than its literal paraphrase; yet, cognitive linguists maintain the traditional distinction between literal and figurative language on the cognitive level. The question is simply “why?” The same can also be asked about the traditional distinction between metaphor and metonymy, which is again maintained in cognitive linguistics too. Finding examples for the conceptual metaphors in the domain of time in Persian is not difficult, as has been done in many other studies, but the question is that what theoretical achievement it leads to. 4. Conclusions In the article, different examples from Persian were provided for the topics in the time field: it was shown that the four properties of time are also relevant in Persian, for A- & B- Series and also Moving-Time & Moving-Ego patterns examples were given. The three t-FoRs proposed by Evans were also introduced. This study showed that the most obvious issue in the time field is the utmost theoretical disagreement among theoreticians and scholars. The unit for coding temporal reference is sentence and the most important criterion for distinguishing a temporal and spatial reading of the same structure is that in the temporal reading, changing perspective is more plausible. Regarding the relationship between space and time, it was shown that although the relationship exists and is not symmetrical, it is not unidirectional. The only spatial axis playing a role in time is front-back and “front” was shown to have the temporal meaning of “sooner” in Persian. The other issue is distinguishing literal and figurative language, which despite empirical data against it is maintained by cognitive linguists. Concerning the role of deletion and reducing, this point was mentioned that for the Relative FoR to exist there is no need for the needed information to be explicit in the sentence, since they may be redundant and therefore reduced from the sentence. Select Bibliography Bender, A., & Beller, S. 2014. “Mapping spatial frames of reference onto time: A review of theoretical accounts and empirical findings”. Cognition 3(132): 342–382. Bender, A., Beller, S. & Bennardo, G. 2010. “Temporal Frames of Reference: Conceptual Analysis and Empirical Evidence from German, English, Mandarin Chinese and Tongan”. Journal of Cognition and Culture 3-4(10): 283–307. Evans, V. 2013. Language and Time; a cognitive linguistic approach. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Levinson, S. C. 2003. Space in Language and Cognition; Explorations in Cognitive Diversity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. McGlone, M. S., & Harding, J. L. 1998. “Back (or forward?) to the future: The role of perspective in temporal language comprehension”. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 5(24): 1211–1223. Safavi, K. 2012. “Deletion or Reducing”. In Scattered Writings; Volume 1: Semantics. Tehran: Elmi Publications: 483-540. [in Persian] Tenbrink, Th. 2011. “The language of space and time”. Journal of Pragmatics 43: 691–694. این مقاله به بررسی مباحث مربوط به چارچوب‌های ارجاع زمانی در زبان فارسی پرداخته‌است. در چارچوب‌های ارجاع زمانی آنچه بیش از همه آشکار است پراکندگی نظری است. مقالۀ حاضر با نگاه به زبان فارسی، مروری بر رویکردها و مسائل اصلی این حوزه داشته‌است؛ مشاهده شده که در این زبان، میان حوزه‌های مکان و زمان رابطه وجود دارد؛ اما اگرچه مثال‌های عمده‌ای از بیان زمان براساس مکان یافت می‌شود، این رابطه یکسویه نیست و توضیح مکان براساس زمان نیز در این زبان ممکن است. مثال‌هایی از زبان فارسی برای مفاهیم نظری مرتبط، هم‌چون انگاره‌های خود ‌متحرک و زمان ‌متحرک، تسلسل الف و ب و چارچوب‌های اشاری، پی‌در‌پی و خارجی ارائه شده‌است و با نظرسنجی از گویشوران این زبان، مشخص شده معنی زمانی «جلوتر» در فارسی برای بیشتر گویشوران معادل «زودتر» بوده‌است. درخصوص کاربرد چارچوب‌های ارجاع مکانی در حوزۀ زمان نکاتی مطرح شده و نگاهی انتقادی به بحث استعاره‌ درخصوص ارجاع زمانی نیز ارائه شده‌است.

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دانشگاه گیلان زبان فارسی و گویش‌های ایرانی 2476-6585 6 2 2022 02 20 An Image-Schematic View to Guilaki Proverbs in the Domain of Food and Its Related Concepts مثل‌های گیلکیِ حوزۀ خوراکی‌ها و وابسته‌های آن در قاب طرح‌واره‌های تصوری 265 287 5479 10.22124/plid.2022.21640.1592 FA مریم سادات فیاضی استادیار زبان‌شناسی، پژوهشگاه علوم انسانی و مطالعات فرهنگی، تهران، ایران Journal Article 2022 01 28 Proverbs are fixed sentential expressions that express the well-known truth, social norms or moral concerns of a specific culture. Therefore, they have a linguistic-cultural aspect and are transmitted through generations and applied to various states of affairs in the world. Since most proverbial expressions are metaphorical in nature which rooted in bodily experiments, the present paper offers an image-schematic view to Guilaki proverbs in the domain of food and its related concepts. It takes up the twin task of distinguishing the image schemas in Guilaki proverbs and of defining their domain of semantic usages. The proverbs of this qualitative research have been collected in a library research method and analyzed based on Johnson’s (1987) opinions. The findings of the research reveal that the path, control and spatial schemas are used in Guilaki proverbs. They also showed that the desirable cultural concepts like kindness, hospitality and faithfulness are simultaneously applied alongside undesirable ones such as corruption, betray and ungratefulness. 1. Introduction Proverbs form the gist of what cultures consider of real concern to them, presenting cultural desirables and undesirables, all of which betray the cultural models a culture lives by. Therefore, they have a linguistic-cultural aspect and are transmitted through generations and applied to various states of affairs in the world. 2. Theoretical Framework “The notion of image schema is rooted in gestalt psychology (e.g., à la Arnheim) and the phenomenology of the body (à la Merleau-Ponty); it was developed by Mark Johnson from the early 1980s into linguistics” (Kimmel, 2008, 159). In Merleau-Ponty’s phenomenology, human being is an embodied subject. In Linguistics, embodiment refers to the ways person’s bodies and bodily interactions with the world shape their minds, actions, and personal, cultural identities. Embodied accounts of mind and language embrace the idea that human symbols are grounded in recurring patterns of bodily experience. The study of embodiment demands recognition that thought and language arise from the continuous dynamic interaction between brains, bodies, and the world. Cognitive linguistic research has long embraced the idea that “our construal of reality is likely to be mediated in large measure by the nature of our bodies” (Evans and Green, 2006:2). Lakoff and Johnson (1991) suggested that there are three levels of embodiment which together shape the embodied mind. Neural embodiment concerns the structures that characterize concepts and cognitive operations at the neurophysiological level. The cognitive unconscious consists of the rapid, evolutionary given mental operations that structure and make possible conscious experience, including the understanding and the use of language. The phenomenological level is conscious and accessible to the consciousness and consists of our awareness of our own mental states, our bodies, our environment, and our physical and social interactions (Johnson, 1999: Gibbs, 2017: 451). Many cognitive scientists agree that an embodied understanding of mind and language require attention to all three levels of embodiment, and most importantly, the interactions to all three levels of embodiment, and most importantly, the interaction between them. 3. Methodology Adapting the image-schematic view to Guilaki proverbs in the domain of food and its related concepts, the present article tries to achieve the following two goals. First, distinguishing the image-schemas found in Guilaki proverbs in the domain of food and its related concepts; second, defining the scope of their semantic usage. Specifically, it tries to answer these two questions complies with the previously mentioned goals: first, which kinds of control, spatial and motion schemas are there in Guilaki proverbs in the domain of food and its related concepts; and second, which target domains does this source domain refer to. Referring to the specific goal of the research -description and analysis of image-schemas found in Guilaki proverbs in the domain of food and its related concepts- the present qualitative research is categorized as fundamental studies. The broad framework of the research is cognitive linguistics and the narrow one is dialectology. The geographical research area is limited to Rasht. Data have been collected and selected in a library research method from The Missing Guilaki Proverbs (Jadakafte Gaban) by Moradiyan Garrosi (2007) and Guialki Proverbs and Expressions (Masalha va Estelahat e Guilaki) by Fakhrayi (2015). To be doubly sure of the use of proverbs in Rasht, beside the writer’s intuition as a native speaker, some interviews were carried out with aware speakers. Overall, it was known that 41 Guilaki proverbs in the domain of food and its related concepts are used. However, regarding the purpose of the research, those proverbs directly related to the concept of image schemas were analyzed. This reduced the sample size of the study to twenty proverbs. The data were analyzed by descriptive-analytic method based on Johnson’s Image Scheme Theory (1987). 4. Result and Discussion The analysis of Guilaki proverbs in the domain of food and its related concepts indicates the existence of three types of control, spatial and motion schemas with a frequency of 35%, 20% and 45% in this dialect, respectively. This finding is different from the results of Sheykh Sang Tajan (2017) since it showed the increasing frequency in the occurrence of containment, power and motion schemas. In addition, no example of power example was found in studied Guilaki proverbs. The findings of the study indicate that in Guilaki proverbs in the domain of food and its related concepts, the moral cultural values of kindness, hospitality and having belief are used along with the reprehensible acts of destruction, betrayal and ingratitude. That is, like pleasant and unpleasant taste, the figurative meanings they refer to are both positive and negative. This finding confirms the view of Lawal et al. (1999). 5. Conclusion and suggestion It is important to study the image schemas hidden in the proverbs of different ethnic groups since these linguistic utterances reflect the modes of thinking and the strategies each culture and society used to formed its attitudes. Proverbs as a part of intellectual and cultural tradition of a society can be estimated by image schemas as the origin of conceptual metaphor, since both have common roots in general human experiences. The hallmark of a genuinely socio-cultural perspective on image schemas must be its ability to account for their variation both across cultures and it situated cognition. The experiences of Guilanian embodiment in a fertile environment and being witness of generosity of the nature leads to the formation of image schemas referring to positive cultural senses. Investigating image schemas from this brand-new dimension, is a step opening an avenue to augmented descriptions of them. Since such apparently trivial details express the ethnic diversities, the researcher considers such study worth noticing. That is, image schemas propose mechanism for communities to assert their ethnic identities. Select Bibliography Gibbs, R.W. Jr. 2017. “Embodiment”. In B. Dancygier (Ed.), The Handbook of Cognitive Linguistics (pp. 449-462), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Honeck, R.P. & Temple, J. G. 1994. “Proverbs: The Extended Conceptual Base and Great Chain Metaphor Theories”. Metaphor and Symbolic Activity, 2(9): 85-112. Johnson, M. 1987. The Body in the Mind: The Bodily Basis of Meaning, Imagination, and Reason, Chicago: Chicago University Press. Johnson, M. 1989. “Image schematic bases of meaning”. Semiotic Inquiry, 9: 109-118. Kimmel, M. 2009. “Analyzing image schemas in literature”. Cognitive Semiotics, 5(9): 159-188. Lakoff, G. & Johnson, M. 1999. Philosophy in the Flesh: The Embodied Mind and its challenge to Western Thought, New York: Basic Books. Lakoff, G. & Turner, M. 1989. More Than Cool Reason: A Field Guide to Poetic Metaphor, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. Lawal, A., Ajayi, B. & Raji. W. 1997. “A pragmatic study of selected pairs of Yoruba proverbs”. Journal of Pragmatics, 5(27):635-652. Rezayi, M. & Moghimi, N. 2014. Study of the Conceptual Metaphor in Persian Proverbs. Journal of Linguistic and Rhetorical Studies, 4 (8): 91- 116. [in Persian] Sheykh Sang Tajan, Sh. 2018. The Study of Image Schemas in Taleshi’s Proverb’s Bades on Cognitive Semantics. Language Studies, 8(16): 103-113. [in Persian] مَثَل‌ها جمله‌واره‌هایی با ساختار ثابت هستند که واقعیات پذیرفته‌شده، الگوهای اجتماعی و ملاحظات اجتماعی یک قوم را بازمی‌تابانند. ازاین‌رو، واجد وجهی زبانی-فرهنگی هستند که از نسلی به نسل دیگر منتقل می‌شوند و در موقعیت‌های متفاوتی از زندگی به کار می‌روند. نظر به اینکه بسیاری از مَثَل‌ها ماهیتی استعاری دارند و شماری از استعاره‌ها از تجربه‌های بدنمند نشأت می‌گیرند، مقالة پیش‌‌رو می‌کوشد با اتخاذِ نظریة طرح‌وارة تصوری به مَثَل‌های گیلکی در حوزة خوراکی‌ها و وابسته‌‌های آن، دو هدف را دنبال کند: نخست، شناسایی طرح‌واره‌های تصوری موجود در مَثَل‌های گیلکی حوزة خوراکی‌ها و وابسته‌های آن؛ دوم، تعیین دامنة کاربردهای معنایی آنها. داده‌های این پژوهش کیفی به روش اسنادی گردآوری شده‌اند و تحلیل آنها به روش توصیفی-تحلیلی با استناد به آرای جانسون (1987) انجام شده‌است. یافته‌های پژوهش ناظر به کاربرد انواع طرح‌وارهای حرکتی، مهارشدگی و فضایی در این گویش است. همچنین مشخص شد در مَثَل‌‌های حوزة خوراکی‌های گیلان، مفاهیمِ فرهنگیِ پسندیدة مهرورزی، مهمان‌‌نوازی و باورمندی در کنار ویژگی‌های نکوهیدة تباهی، خیانت و ناسپاسی توأمان به کار می‌رود.

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دانشگاه گیلان زبان فارسی و گویش‌های ایرانی 2476-6585 6 2 2022 02 20 Materials on the Phonetics of the Iron Dialect of the Ossetic Language from the Dialects of the Eastern Branch of the Iranian Languages (Case Study Based on Russian Sources) موادی در آواشناسی گویش ایرونیِ زبان آسی از گویش‌های شاخۀ شرقی زبان‌های ایرانی (مطالعه موردی بر پایۀ منابع روسی) 289 309 5179 10.22124/plid.2021.20655.1561 FA شهرام نباتی استادیار زبان روسی، دانشکده ادبیات فارسی و زبان‌های خارجی، دانشگاه گیلان، رشت، ایران مریم شفقی دانشیار گروه زبان روسی، دانشکده ادبیات فارسی و زبان‌های خارجی، دانشگاه علامه طباطبائی، تهران، ایران زاخووا ویرونیکا تامبیونا استاد فیلولوژی، دانشگاه دولتی کوستا ختاگروف، ولادی قفقاز، اوستیای شمالی، روسیه Journal Article 2021 09 22 Using names of "Alan"/ "Aas”, that are a phonetic form of "Arya", about the Ossetes, indicates that they are speakers of "Iron dialect". The Ossetic language belongs to the Iranian group of Indo-European languages. The current written form of the Ossetic language with the Cyrillic alphabet dates back to 1844, and was founded by A.M. Shegren, and later V.F. Miller, completed it. The basis of entering the field of linguistic research about Ossetic is being familiar with this language and learning the correct way to read it. Therefore, in this study, we intend to make familiar Iranian readers and linguists with the vowels and consonants and phonetic system of the Ossetic. In this direction, issues such as voicelessness, metathesis, place of stress etc. have also been considered by the authors. The purpose of this study is to provide a platform for further research in the Ossetic language as a branch of Iranian languages. In the present work, Russian has become a tool for Iranian linguists to know about the linguistic research done about Ossetic language. The results showed that the alphabetic system and phonetic signs of the Ossetic can be very different compared to the phonetic system of other languages. 1. Introduction The purpose of this study is to provide a basis for familiarizing Iranian linguists with the phonetic system of the Ossetic language. The results of similar researches in the Russian Federation have been the beginning of the compilation of educational materials for schools and universities. Despite the fact that Ossetic language is still alive, there is no remarkable work on Ossetic language in Persian. From this point of view, the results of the present study and similar researches can help to record scientific research materials of the Ossetic language in Persian. 2. Theoretical framework The theory of the relation of the Ossetes to the Alans emerged between the 18th and 19th centuries. This theory has been endorsed by both Western European scholars and nineteenth- and first-quarter-twentieth-century Russian scholars. The people referred to as "Os" in Georgian sources are called "Alans" by the Greeks, Byzantine Romans, Arabs and Persians. The Alans mingled with the local tribes in the North Caucasus, and the "Ossetes" emerged from here. Ossetic is the language of the tribes of Central and Southern Asia, as well as the famous tribes in ancient history: the Scythians, Sarmatians, Alans, and so on. This language has genetic continuity in Scythians, Sarmatian, and Alan languages. Ossetic is a languages with a young history in writing. Since 1938, the Cyrillic alphabet has been used in North Ossetia, and the Georgian alphabet in South Ossetia for writing Ossetic. This was influenced by the political issues of North Ossetia and South Ossetia's placement in the Russian Federation and Georgia, respectively. The number of speakers of the Ossetic language is about 700,000, and this confirms that this language is not an "Extinct" language. In terms of internal structure, the Ossetic dialects are divided into two groups, Iron and Digorian: Digorian is spoken in the western part of North Ossetia and in Kabardino-Balkaria. The Iron dialect is one of the dialects of the Ossetic ethnic group. Most of the people of North Ossetia (most of Ossetia) as well as the valleys of Kurtat, Tagaur and Alagir speak that dialect. In the Iron dialect of North Ossetia, the number of words adapted from the Georgian language, and in North Ossetia the number of words adapted from the Russian language is high. 3. Research method This research has been done by using the works of Ossetic linguists written in Russian. These works cover issues such as the etymology, the writing system, the phonetic system, and the auditory phonetic system of the Ossetic language. While selecting the sample words for the phonetic description of the Ossetic language, an effort has been made to select as many words as possible, equal or similar to Persian words in the semantic system. The purpose of such a selection is to address some of the similar words in the Ossetic and Persian languages in the context of this research, which of course does not apply in all cases. Also, since the first and second authors of this research are Iranian and not fluent in the Ossetic language, to avoid possible errors, the same linguistic examples have been used that have been mentioned in the linguistic researches of the Ossetic scientists. This research is presented in two parts: in the first part, we deal with the phonetic system of Cyrillic letters in the Ossetic language that will be understood by everyone - anyone who is unfamiliar with the Ossetic language, and in the second part (final part), we present some cases of voicelessness, metathesis and the place of stress, for familiarity. The collaboration of Veronika Dzahova, a colleague of the North Ossetian State University after Kosta Khatagorov, as an Ossetic speaker and a researcher fluent in the phonetic system of the Ossetic language, has helped the authors of this article to find correct interpretations of the phonetic system of this language. 4. Results & Discussion In this study, the following phonetics features were identified in the Iron dialect of Ossetic: Vowels are divided into two main groups: long and stressed or short. The phonetic difference between vowel /æ/ and vowel /а/ is that the latter is long and stressed, and the former is short and without stress. The letter ы [ǝ] in the Ossetic alphabet is distinct from the sound it has in Russian; it is a short vowel that is produced when the tongue and lips are inactive. The letter у consists of two phonemes, vowel [u] and consonantal [w]. This letter becomes consonant while it is placed next to other vowels. The letters с [ʃ] and з [ž] have different forms of reading from the Cyrillic alphabet. These letters are generally the distinguishing feature of the various Ossetic dialects. There is no affricate дж [j] in the Cyrillic alphabet. This letter is pronounced similar to the phoneme /j/ in English. The consonant дз refers to phoneme [z]. ц [tse] does not appear as an affricate in the Ossetic language in all cases: it can be read as the phonemes с [c] and [s]. The role of the symbol ъ in the Cyrillic alphabet in the Ossetic language is different and distinctive: this letter in the same role that occurs in the Russian language is seen only in those words that are adapted from the Russian language. This letter in addition, in combination with Some letters represent a new phoneme in the Ossetic phonetic system and they are the following digraphs: гъ [h], къ [kˀ], пъ [pˀ], тъ [tˀ], хъ [q], цъ [čˀ ], Чъ [hč]. 5. Conclusions & Suggestions Learning the alphabet of any language is the beginning of research in that language. For this purpose, in this research, an attempt was made to address the basics of entering to research in the Ossetic language, specifically in the field of the Iron dialect - the phonetic system of the Ossetic language and the Cyrillic alphabet used to write the Ossetic language. Also, in order to facilitate the reading of words for Iranian linguists, the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) system Along with meanings in Persian was used. Select Bibliography Абаев В. И. 1959. Грамматический очерк осетинского языка. Орджоникидзе: Северо-Осетинское книжное издательство. Абаев В. И. 1985. Историко-этимологический словарь осетинского языка. Издательство Академии Наук СССР. Москва-Ленинград. Абаев В.И. 1949. Осетинский язык и фольклор. Т. 1. М. — Л. Abolghasemi, M. 1991. Historical Dictionary of the Ossetic Language (1), Ayandeh Quarterly, No. 1 to 4: 78-82. [In Persian]. Дзахова В. Т. 2009. Перцептивные характеристики гласных фонем осетинского (иронского) литературного языка /Вестник Ленинградского государственного университета им. А.С.Пушкина. Научный журнал. №2 (26). Серия филология. – СПб. – С. 134-140. Дзахова В. Т. 2010. Об осетинском ударении [Текст] /В.Т. Дзахова // Вестник РГГУ. Серия «Языкознание / Московский лингвистический журнал». № 9 (52) / 12. – 0,8 п.л. Миллер Вс.Ф. 1962. Язык осетин. М.—Л.: Издательство академии наук СССР, 1962. Tavakoli, N. 2010. On the Ossetic language, an overview of the most important common language in the Caucasus. Aran Quarterly. 8 (23): 102-114. [In Persian]. Shafaghi, M. 2020. Confrontation of Translators in Transferring Facts into Russian Translation of the Epic of Narts (Based on the Translation by A. A. Dzantiev, T.A. Hamitsaeva), Critical Studies in Text & Programs of Human Sciences. 8 (84): 167-186. [In Persian] Шёгрен А. М. 1844. Осетинская грамматика, с кратким словарем осетинско-российским и российско-осетинским. СПб., (репринтное изд. 2010). نام‌های «آلان» / «آس» بر اوست‌ها، گونۀ آوایی از «آریا» است که خود بر « ایرونی» بودن ایشان دلالت دارد. زبان آسی در گروه ایرانی زبان‌های هندواروپایی قرار می‌گیرد. صورت نوشتاری کنونی زبان آسی به کمک الفبای سیریلیک، به سال 1844 برمی‏گردد که آ.م. شگرن بنیانگذار آن بود و در ادامه و.ف. میلر آن را تکمیل نمود. مبنای ورود به پژوهش‌های زبان‌شناسی زبان آسی، آشنایی و فراگیری خوانش درست این زبان است. ازین‌رو در این پژوهش به آشنا ساختن خوانندگان و زبان‌شناسان ایرانی با واکه‌ها، همخوان‌ها و نظام آوایی زبان آسی پرداخته‌ایم. در این مسیر به مواردی چون بی‌واک‌شدگی، ابدال، محل قرارگیری ضربه و ... نیز توجه شدهاست. هدف از این پژوهش فراهم آوردن بستر پژوهش‌های بعدی در زبان آسی بهعنوان شاخه‌ای از زبان‌های ایرانی است. در کار حاضر، زبان روسی راهی برای انتقال پژوهش‌های زبانی در زبان آسی برای زبان‌شناسان ایرانی گشته است. نتایج نشان داد که نظام الفبایی زبان آسی و نشانه‌های آوایی این زبان می‌تواند در مقایسه با نظام آوایی دیگر زبانها خیلی متفاوت باشد.

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