دانشگاه گیلان زبان فارسی و گویش‌های ایرانی 2476-6585 5 2 2020 09 22 The Beginning Stages of a Perfective Aspect Marker Development in a Period of New Persian: An Approach from Current Linguistic Atlas to the Historical Atlas مراحل اولیۀ شکل‌گیری نشانۀ نمود کامل در مقطعی از فارسی نو: رهیافتی از اطلس زبانیِ کنونی به اطلس تاریخی 7 28 4347 10.22124/plid.2020.16723.1462 FA روح الله مفیدی استادیار زبان‌شناسی همگانی، دانشگاه بین‌المللی امام خمینی، قزوین، ایران. Journal Article 2020 06 03 The article tries to make a link between grammatical function of the prefix be- with past verbs in the current atlas of New West Iranian and the historical atlas of New Persian, and to interpret this marker’s historical statistics with respect to its behavior in today’s Iranian varieties. In the historical sampling of this research, 22% of past verbs of simple morphological structure (non-prefixed and non-complex) in 4th to 7th centuries had the prefix be-, but in the following centuries, its frequency decreased gradually, and eventually it disappeared. On the other hand, in the contemporary century, a very high level of grammaticalization of be- in the same position is observed in a wide variety of Iranian languages and dialects. The author looks at these two phenomena (the historical behavior of be- and its today’s behavior) in the same line, and believes that there has been a single path of grammaticalization of be- in progress in New West Iranian languages, but the written/standard variety of New Persian stopped this process for some external or internal reasons (contact with varieties without be-, and development of mi- as imperfective marker, respectively), while the process continued in some Iranian varieties to the current level. 1. Introduction This paper attempts to make a link between the grammatical function of the prefix be- with past tense verbs in the current atlas of New West Iranian and the historical atlas of New Persian, and to interpret the marker’s statistical behavior in old texts with respect to its behavior in today’s Iranian varieties. The issue of the grammatical function of be- in this position has always been controversial, and grammarians and linguists have proposed functions such as decorative, redundant, emphatic, and perfective aspect for it. With a statistical approach, this research is concerned with this controversial issue, considering the status of perfective aspect marker in the current linguistic atlas (of West Iranian varieties), suggesting the hypothesis that the grammaticalization of be- as the perfective aspect marker had begun in some regions in the historical linguistic atlas. 2. Theoretical Framework A common phenomenon in grammars is the grammaticalization of the speaker’s viewpoint towards the event: seeing it as a whole completed event, or looking from inside as an uncompleted one. This opposition, called perfective and imperfective aspect, respectively, is the main distinction in the grammatical aspect domain. In simpler words, the grammatical category of aspect is the result of grammaticalization of the speaker’s viewpoint. In this domain, there may be a grammaticalized morpheme for each opposition (perfective and imperfective); or just marking one the oppositions overtly, with no marker for the other one. 3. Methodology The historical corpus of this research includes 77 thousand verbs, extracted from 55 texts from 10th to 20th centuries. To this aim, five texts from each century were selected, and then, two pieces of each text were taken randomly as the sampled data, each one including 700 verbs (1400 verbs from each text, altogether). 4. Results & Discussion According to the statistics, be- in the grammatical function under discussion generally appears with positive verbs of simple structure (non-prefixed and non-complex), and its highest rate of usage is in 10th and 11th centuries. In these two centuries, on average, out of every four simple verbs in perfective aspect, one verb (and a bit more) takes be- (26.7%). In 12th and 13th centuries, the frequency of be- shows decrease (19%), and then, in the 14th, the statistics is reduced to less than half (8.1%), gradually disappearing in the following centuries. Furthermore, in 10th to 13th centuries, there are 17 texts from various geographical regions, having a rate higher than 10%, which shows that be- was being used in all centers of text production in the cultural territory of Persian. Also, the number of verbs with be- in the whole period (142 verbs, non-repeatedly) shows its high productivity, hence its inflectional nature, rejecting the derivational function hypothesis. On the other side, according to several researches in dialectology, a very high level of grammaticalization of be- in the same position has been reported in a wide range of Iranian varieties. At least in Mazandarani, Gilaki, Tati, Khorasani, Central Iranian, and Talishi, there are several language varieties with this marker in the same position, and in many of them, be- is nearly fully-productive with simple verbs. Furthermore, complex predicates and some past forms (present perfect, past perfect, and past subjunctive) are used with be- in some Iranian varieties. If we suppose that in early centuries the grammaticalization process of be- was in progress in some regions of the geography of Iranian languages, then, it may be hypothesized that since 14th century the production of Persian texts and the standardization of written language was affected by the varieties which lacked this function of be-, and this function was stopped gradually, but the varieties which had the marker (previously having more influence on the production of Persian texts) continued grammaticalizing itto the current level. By contrast, if we suppose that the grammaticalization of be- was only going on in New Persian, and after being stopped, it started again in some regions of the geography of Iranian languages, then, firstly, it would be difficult to account for the relatively short time spent for such a high level of grammaticalization of be- in today’s varieties, and secondly, on this assumption, the connection between perfective function and subjunctive-imperative function would be broken off, and restarting grammaticalization for perfective aspect would require theoretical justification. The author believes that it is more plausible to consider the grammaticalization of be- in the grammars of West Iranian languages as a single phenomenon. In other words, there has been a single path of grammaticalization of be- (for perfective aspect) in progress in New West Iranian languages which was gradually stopped in New Persian since 14th century, and was continued in some Iranian varieties. The consequence of such an integrated approach to the phenomenon will be that we can also consider be- in Classical Persian as a perfective marker. 5. Conclusions & Suggestions The statistics of this research show that 22% of simple perfective verbs in 10th to 13th centuries had be-. On the other hand, now, a very high level of grammaticalization of be- in the same position is observed in a wide range of Iranian varieties. The author believes that the most plausible explanation for these two linguistic phenomena (historical behavior of be- and its today’s behavior) is that the grammaticalization of be- for perfective aspect marking began since Early New Persian period (or possibly even Middle period), but Persian stopped this process gradually for some external reasons (contact with varieties without be-) or internal reasons (establishment of mi- as imperfective marker), while the process continued in some Iranian varieties to the current level. Select Bibliography Brunner, C. J. 1977. A syntax of Western Middle Iranian. Delmar, New York: Caravan Books. Bybee, J. et al. 1994. The evolution of grammar: Tense, aspect, and modality in the languages of the world. Chicago/London: The University of Chicago Press. Dahl, Ö. & Velupillai, V. 2013. Perfective/imperfective aspect, in Dryer, M. S. & Haspelmath, M. (eds), The world atlas of language structures online. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. http://wals.info/chapter/65. Dahl, Ö. 1985. Tense and aspect systems. New York: Basil Blackwell. Kalbasi, I. 2009. A descriptive dictionary of linguistic varieties in Iran. Tehran: Institute for Humanities. [In Persian]. MacKinnon, C. 1977. The New Persian preverb bi-. Journal of the American Oriental Society, 97(1), 8-26. Mofidi, R. 2017. The development of aspect and mood morphology in New Persian. Grammar (Journal of the Academy of Persian Language & Literature), 12, 3-68. [In Persian]. Traugott, E. C. & Dasher, R. B. 2001. Regularity in semantic change. Cambridge: University Press Cambridge. Windfuhr, G. (ed). 2009. The Iranian languages. London/New York: Routledge. Windfuhr, G. 1979. Persian grammar: History and state of its study. The Hague: Mouton Publishers. این مقاله تلاش میکند بین نقش دستوری «بـ» در کنار فعل زمان گذشته در اطلس کنونی ایرانی غربی نو و اطلس تاریخی فارسی نو ارتباط برقرار کند و رفتار آماریِ این نشانه در متون قدیم را در پرتو رفتار آن در گونههای زبانیِ کنونی تفسیر نماید. در نمونه‌گیری تاریخیِ پژوهش حاضر، در قرنهای چهارم تا هفتم، 22 درصد از افعال زمان گذشتۀ دارای ساختمان ساده (غیرپیشوندی و غیرمرکب) با نمود کامل، پیشوند «بـ» داشتهاند، ولی در قرنهای بعد، این آمار بهتدریج افت کرده و نهایتا به صفر رسیده‌است. از سوی دیگر، در قرن کنونی، سطح بسیار بالایی از دستوریشدگیِ «بـ» در همین جایگاه در طیف وسیعی از گونه‌های زبانی ایرانی دیده میشود. نگارنده این دو پدیدۀ زبانی (رفتار تاریخی «بـ» و رفتار کنونی آن) را همسو میداند و معتقد است که روند واحدی از دستوری‌شدگی «بـ» برای نقش نشانۀ نمود کامل در زبانهای ایرانی غربی نو در جریان بوده که در گونۀ فارسی نوشتاری/ معیار، به‌دلایلی برونزبانی یا درونزبانی بهتدریج متوقف شده و در تعدادی از گونههای ایرانی ادامه یافته و به سطح کنونی رسیده‌است.

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دانشگاه گیلان زبان فارسی و گویش‌های ایرانی 2476-6585 5 2 2020 09 22 The role of Quantifiers in Relative Clause Occurrence in Spoken Persian نقش کمیت نماها بر حضور بند موصولی در زبان فارسی گفتاری 29 49 4848 10.22124/plid.2021.14272.1393 FA نسرین آژیده دانشجوی دکتری زبان‌شناسی همگانی، دانشگاه بوعلی سینا، همدان، ایران مهرداد نغزگوی کهن دانشیار زبان‌شناسی همگانی، دانشگاه بوعلی سینا، همدان، ایران Journal Article 2019 08 31 In addition to the grammatical weight and the nominal head thematic role effects on the processing of a relative clause, which has been dealt with extensively in previous studies, other factors influence the processing of the relative clause. In the present paper, the research data has been collected from TV and radio programs and the quantifier's role on relative clauses occurrence has been investigated based on Wiechmann approaches (2015). Wiechmann believes that each component in a relative construction can affect other components occurrence. Results show that ambiguity and generality in the meaning of the modified head, and occurring in special constructions affect the relative clause presence. This is compatible with exemplar–based theory in that components of a structure affect each other's occurrence. The result of this study can be used in determining the degree of ambiguity among Persian quantifiers and can explain how relative clauses are processed. 1. Introduction A relative clause is a construction consisting of a nominal and a subordinate clause attributively modifying it. The nominal is called the head and the subordinate clause is called relative clause (henceforth RC). The attributive relation between head and RC is such that the head is involved in what is stated in the clause. As prenominal modifiers precede post modifiers, they can have certain influence on post- modifiers occurrence. It seems that indefinite pronouns occur with RCs more than any other prenominal modifier. Wiechmann believes that the more general the term, the greater the need (and hence the likelihood) for the additional material that enables the hearer to identify the intended referent of the complex. In this way, RC as a clausal post modifier is a good alternative for post modification of the expressions in the following list: anyone, anything, best everybody all, anybody, everybody, that thing, things, those, time, two, uncle, way, what, woman, women. Accordingly, in the present paper we are going to investigate the co-occurrence of quantifiers in expressions such as h{r ‘any , every’ k{s ‘one, body’ ; h{r ‘any , every’ ,tSiz ‘thing’,… and relative clauses in Persian. 2. Theoretical framework In cognitive construction grammar, a relative clause is unified as a language sign which its processing procedure is highly the same as the lexicon’s. Linguistic signs are of different intermediate levels that have both fixed and variable parts. A complete characterization of a high level construction, such as an English RC, will have to take into account its constitutive constructions and their properties. That is to say, an actual utterance of an RC always instantiates a number of lower level construction simultaneously. Each grammatical unit is a routine process which speakers master it over repetition and they activate it as a predetermined assembly. Every experienced exemplar of an RC is involved in its cognitive representation. An exemplar-based representation indicates a list of words happening in a certain slot. When uttering a construction, we do not refer to a set of general features but analogically we refer to the memories of lexical items which have happened in that slot in previous exposures. 3. Methodology The present paper is a descriptive - analytical research about RCs in spoken Persian. We analyzed each quantifier co-occurrence with RC and other post modifiers. Data for the current paper has been collected from 30 hours of conversations on TV and radio programs. 1200 relative clauses were extracted in addition to 500 sentences with a nominal head modified by other post modifiers to find out the difference between relative clause and other post - nominal modifiers. 4. Results & Discussion Prenominal modifiers behave differently in co-occurrence with RCs. The difference is displayed in the following hierarchy: h{r ‘every, any’ 90.21% > Xeili {z ‘many of’ 45.16% > h{me ‘all’ 30.20% > yeki{z ‘one of’ 27.88% > hitS ‘no none’ 21. 05% The results indicate that Persian quantifiers are of different characteristics. h{r ‘every, any’ refers to a singular head and it is used in conditional constructions to indicate general propositions. In fact, after some heads such as h{r k{s ‘every one, any one’, h{r tSiz ‘every thing, anything’ RC is more predictable to happen and easier to process. In the present paper, 3 constructions were introduced which included a nominal head modified with a quantifier: 1. RC construction with a nominal head modified with “h{r” implying a conditional proposition. h{r‘every, any’ + head + RC + MC. h{r k{s kar n{-kon-e be s{lam{ti=e Xod-eS asib mi- z{n-e. any one work (exercise) NEG- SUBJ. do- 3SG. to health =of self-3SG.CL damage PROG-PRES.hit. - 3SG. ‘Anyone who doesn’t exercise will damage his own health’ 2. An extraposed RC with some nominal head modified with quantifier Xeili {z ‘ many of ‘. in these constructions the verb is copular: Xeili {z pezeSk-a h{st-{n ?{sl{n did-e ne-mi-S-{n many of doctor-PL PRES.be- 3PL never see- PP. NEG- PRES- be- 3 PL ‘There are many doctors who are never seen’ 3. An extraposed RC with an indefinite quantifier hitS ‘ nothing’ According to exemplar-based theory, different components affect each other’s occurrence. Frequent use of these components leads to a pre-defined and entrenched construction which in turn increases RC usage in related contexts. 5. Conclusion & Suggestions As indicated in section 4, we introduced some intermediate levels of RC in Persian. These findings are in line with exemplar theory principles. In exemplar theory, different components of a construction affect each other’s presence. Frequent occurrence of these components leads to construction entrenchment in the speaker’s mind helping to predict next construction components. The results also show that pre-nominal modifiers display three different behaviors in occurrence with RCs: 1. Compared to all other quantifiers, the quantifier h{r ‘any, every’ is more used with RC in a way that all the RC occurrence with other quantifiers is less than h{r ‘any, every’ occurrence with RC. 2. In Xeili {z ‘many of’ construction, RC is more frequently used compared to any of other post modifiers. 3. In hitS ‘no, none’ and yeki {z ‘one of’ constructions RC occurred less than other post modifiers such as genitive and descriptive modifiers. It is recommended that the co-occurrence of quantifiers with RC be investigated cognitively in language laboratories. Select Bibliography Bybee, J. 2013. Usage-based Theory and Exemplar Representations of Constructions, In: Thomas Hoffmann and Graeme Trousdale (eds.). TheOxford Handbook of Construction Grammar.,Oxford: Oxford University Press. Croft, W. 1983. Quantifier Scope Ambiguity and Definiteness. Proceedings of the Ninth Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguist Society, 25-36. Goldberg, A. 2006. Constructions at work: The Nature of Generalization in Language. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Haspelmath, M. 1997. Indefinite Pronouns, Oxford Studies in Typology and Linguistic Theory Oxford: Clarendon Press. Hawkins, J. A. 2004. Efficiency and Complexity in Grammars. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Mowlaei Kuhbanani H., Alizadeh, A., & Sharifi,sh. 2018. The role of typological features of relative structure on determining Persian Word Order, Journal of Language Research , 28, 87-114. [In Persian] Rasekh Mahand, M., Alizadeh sahraie, M., Izadifar, R.& Ghiasvand, M, 2012, The functional explanation of relative clause extraposition in Persian , Researches in Linguistics, 6, 21-40. [In Persian] Wiechmann D. 2015. Understanding Relative Clauses: A usage-based view on the. processing of complex constructions, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. Abbreviations: 3SG Third person singular MC Main clause NEG Negative 3SG Third person singular PROG Progressive PRES Present PL Plural PP Past Participle RC Relative clause SUBJ Subjunctive علاوه‌بر سنگینی سازه و نقش موضوعی هسته در پردازش بند موصولی که در مطالعات پیشین فراوان به آنها پرداخته شده‌است، عوامل دیگری نیز در پردازش بند موصولی تأثیرگذار هستند. در مقالۀ حاضر رخداد کمینماها با هستۀ بند موصولی در داده‌های گفتاری بررسی شد. داده‌های پژوهش از مکالمات گفتاری رادیویی و تلویزیونی گردآوری شد و رخداد کمیت‌نماها با بند موصولی براساس رویکرد نمونه‌محور وایشمن (2015) تحلیل شد؛ وی معتقد است که ویژگی‌های اجزای مختلف بند موصولی بر حضور اجزای دیگر تأثیر دارند. نتایج تحقیق نشان می‌دهد که کاربرد بیشتر بند موصولی تحت تأثیر وجود ابهام در کمیت‌نما و هسته، استفاده در ساخت‌های ویژه‌ و عوامل دیگری است. این نتیجه مؤید نظریۀ نحوی نمونهمحور و تأثیر همزمان چند عامل است. نتایج این پژوهش می‌تواند در تبیین میزان ابهام کمیت‌نماها و همچنین پردازش بند موصولی کمک کند.

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دانشگاه گیلان زبان فارسی و گویش‌های ایرانی 2476-6585 5 2 2020 09 22 Tracing of 35 Quatrains Attributed to Rumi in the Manuscripts and the Printed Versions of the Sanai's Divan and Older Texts ردیابی 35 رباعی منسوب به مولانا در نسخ خطّی و چاپی دیوان سنایی و متون کهن‎تر 51 77 4856 10.22124/plid.2021.17341.1480 FA مهناز نظامی عنبران دانش آموختۀ دکتری زبان و ادبیات فارسی- ادبیات عرفانی، دانشگاه شهید مدنی آذربایجان، تبریز. ایران. رحمان مشتاق مهر استاد زبان و ادبیات فارسی، دانشگاه شهید مدنی آذربایجان، تبریز، ایران یدالله نصراللهی دانشیار زبان و ادبیات فارسی، دانشگاه شهید مدنی آذربایجان، تبریز، ایران Journal Article 2020 08 11 One of the poets whose quatrains can be traced in various forms among the quatrains of Rumi's Divan-e Kabir is Sana'i. After reviewing "Nozha Al-Majalis" and several valid manuscripts from Sanai's Divan, the number of common and similar quatrains to Sanai's Divan corrected by Modarres Razavi and Rumi's Divan-e Kabir corrected by Forouzanfar increased from 26 quatrains to 35 quatrains. In order to perform an accurate attribution analysis in the field of common and similar quatrains of these two poets, the works of poetry and prose of other poets and writers before Rumi, in addition to the mentioned sources, were also investigated. Out of a total of 35 common and similar quatrains, 24 quatrains from the Divan-e Kabir definitely belong to Sanai, or are guaranteed and adapted from his quatrains. 8 quatrains are most likely from Sanai, and the other 3 quatrains have been attributed to other poets in addition to Sanai. Of the Sana'i quatrains, only four quatrains are mentioned in complete and unchanged form in the Divan-e Kabir. In other cases, the quatrains are accompanied by changes that vary from a change in a few words to a change in three lines. 1. Introduction One of the Rumi's most important works in Persian literature is his quatrains. In Badi-ol-Zaman Forouzanfar's edition of Rumi's Divan, 1983 quatrains are attributed to him. In this work, traces of several quatrains can be found that belong to Sufi and non-Sufi poets before Rumi.One of the poets whose quatrains can be traced in various forms among the quatrains of Rumi's Divan-e Kabiris Sana'i. Rumi's poetic thought and style of expression, in his quatrains, like his other poems, has been influenced by Sanai's poetic thought and style of expression. The important point about the common quatrains of the Sanai's Divan and Rumi's Divan-e Kabir is that Rumi is not only the narrator of the Sanai's quatrains, in the form of direct and unchangeable quotations, but in most cases these quatrains in the Divan-e Kabirare accompanied by changes. 2. Theoretical framework Several researchers such as Franklin D. Lewis, Badi-ol-Zaman Forouzanfar, Mohammad Amin Riahi, and also the prominent researcher of Persian quatrains, Sayyid Ali Mirafzali, have mentioned the existence of quatrains from other earlier poets among the quatrains of the Rumi's Divan-e Kabir. However, the only research that has been written in this field is an article entitled "Recognition of the source of 38 quatrains attributed to Rumi in literary and historical texts." In this research, in most cases, the quatrains have been investigated which are mentioned in earlier prose texts from previous poets. However, studying the common quatrains of Rumi's Divan-e Kabir cannot be performed in such a generalized study. Conducting more specialized research, the subject can be studied better and more accurately so that more new results can be achieved. In this study, by examining the Sanai's quatrains and comparing it with Rumi's quatrains, in addition to examining other earlier works, it has been tried to investigate the traces of the Sanai's quatrains in the Divan-e Kabir more carefully. 3. Methodology The most famous correction of the Sanai's Divan is the correction of the Modarres Razavi, however, none of the editions of the Sanai's Divan incompass all his quatrains. Therefore, in this article, we have also referred to the authentic manuscripts of Sanai's Divan. We argue that through finding all the common and similar quatrains of Sanai and Rumi, an accurate analysis in attributing the common quatrains according to the date of writing of this manuscripts can be achieved. Of course, in order to search for Sanai's quatrains among Rumi's quatrains, we did not just suffice to the Sanai's printed divan and the manuscripts of his divan, Because many wandering quatrains have been repeated many times in the Divans of early Poets that, in most cases, the poet of these quatrains cannot be determined with certainty, so in addition to examining the printed Divan and the most important manuscripts of the Sanai's Divan, other works of earlier poets and writers, Rumi was also examined in order to obtain more accurate results. 4. Results & Discussion The study of the common quatrains of Divan-e Kabirand the Sanai's quatrains shows that Rumi, with his own style, often uttered the Sanai's quatrains with changes, so that 35 common and similar quatrains of these two poets can be divided into five following categories: 1. Four quatrains of the Divan-e Kabir in all four lines are completely similar to the Sanai's quatrains. 2. Sixteen quatrains from the Divan-e Kabir, while being similar to the Sanai's quatrains in all four lines, show some differences. 3. Four quatrains of the common quatrains of the Divan-e Kabir and Sanai's quatrains are similar in three lines. 4. Seven quatrains of the Divan-e Kabir are similar to the quatrains of the Sanai's Divan in only two lines. 5. Four quatrains of the Divan-e Kabir are similar to the quatrains of the Sanai's Divan in only one line. 5. Conclusions and Suggetions After examining the quatrains of the "Nozhat Al-Majalis" collection and four manuscripts of Sanai's Divan, another 9 quatrains were added to the common and similar quatrains of Rumi's Divan-e Kabir and Sanai's printed Divan, and based on this, the number of common and similar quatrains of the two poets reached 35 quatrains. According to the present study, 24 quatrains from the Divan-e Kabir, based on two ancient manuscripts from the Sanai's Divan, as well as the collection of quatrains, "Nozhat Al-Majalis" and certain earlier prose texts, are definitely from Sanai, or have been guaranteed and adapted from his quatrains. The 8 common quatrains are most likely to belong to Sanai, based on the recent manuscripts of the Sanai's Divan and some stylistic features. The other three common quatrains are probably by Sanai, or another poet. In other words, these quatrains, in addition to Sanai, are also attributed to one or more other early poets. Select Bibliography Louis, F. 2004. Rumi: Yesterday and Today, East and West, translated by F. Farahmandfar, Tehran: Nashre Sales Publications. [In Persian] Mir Afzali, S. 2015. Jong Robaeiyyat: Recovery and Correcting Ancient Persian Quatrains, Tehran: Sokhan Publications. [In Persian] Mir Afzali, S.1997. "Morvarid-e Kermani and Wandering Quatrains", Maaref Journal, (14). 24-36. [In Persian] Moradi, A., Vafaei, M. 2016. Safineye Kohan Robaeiyyat (The ancient book of quatrains), Tehran: Sokhan Publications. [In Persian] Mushtaq Mehr, R. 2017. "References of Persian poems of Rumi's writings and its completion", Kohannameye Adab Parsi,(Classical Persian Literature), (8). 77-106. [In Persian] Rumi, J. 1984. Kolliyat Shams or Divan-e Kabir, vol. 8, with corrections and margins B. Forouzanfar, Tehran:University of Tehran Publications. [In Persian] Sanai Ghaznavi, M. 2009. Divan, With introduction, margins and list by M. Modarres Razavi, Tehran: Sanai Publications.[In Persian] Seifi Neyshabouri, A. 2020. Resa'il al-oshaq and Wasa'il al-Mushtaq, by the effort of J. Bashari, Tehran: Collection of historical and literary publications of Dr. Mahmoud Afshar. [In Persian] Shafi'i Kadkani, M. 2008. Ghazaliyat-e Shams Tabriz, Tehran: Sokhan Publications. [In Persian] Shervani, J. 1996. Nozhat Al-Majalis, corrected and researched by Dr. M. Riahi, Tehran: Elmi Publications. [In Persian] از شاعرانی که می‌توان رباعیاتش را به اشکال مختلف در میان رباعیات دیوان کبیر مولانا ردیابی کرد سنایی است.بعد از بررسی «نزهه‌المجالس» و چندین نسخة خطّی معتبر از دیوان سنایی، تعداد رباعیات مشترک و مشابه دیوان چاپی سنایی به تصحیح مدرس رضوی و دیوان کبیر مولانا به تصحیح فروزانفر از 26 به 35 رباعی افزایش یافت. برای تحلیل انتساب دقیق رباعیات مشترک و مشابه این دو شاعر، علاوه‌بر منابع مذکور، آثار نظم و نثر دیگر شعرا و نویسندگان پیش از مولانا نیز بررسی شد. از مجموع 35 رباعی مشترک و مشابه، براساس تحلیل داده‎ها، 24 رباعی از دیوان کبیر قطعا متعلق به سنایی است یا از رباعیات او تضمین و اقتباس شده‌است. 8 رباعی نیز به احتمال زیاد از سنایی است و 3 رباعی دیگر، علاوه‌بر سنایی به شاعران دیگری نیز منسوب شده‌است. از رباعیات سنایی، فقط 4 رباعی به شکلی کامل و بدون تغییر در دیوان کبیر آمده، در سایر موارد رباعیات با تغییراتی در چند واژه تا سه مصرع همراه است.

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دانشگاه گیلان زبان فارسی و گویش‌های ایرانی 2476-6585 5 2 2020 09 22 The Advantages of “Tehran” Version in reading Khaghani's Divan ذکر شمه‌ای از محاسن نسخة تهران در خوانش دیوان خاقانی 79 101 4409 10.22124/plid.2020.12462.1340 FA امیر سلطان محمدی دانش‌آموختة دکتری زبان و ادبیات فارسی دانشگاه اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران سید منصور سادات ابراهیمی دانش‌آموختة دکتری زبان و ادبیات فارسی دانشگاه اصفهان،اصفهان، ایران. Journal Article 2019 02 01 Khaghani is one of the most fanciful Persian poets. The difficulty of Khaghani's poems is related to fantasy, elegance, and its utilization of science. This perplexity led descriptions from the oldest times, such as Shadi Abadi on Khaqani's poetry to be written These efforts continued until the age of printing. The complexity of Khaqani's poetry has caused all the works written about him not to be free from defects. These defects are also included in Khaghani's poetry corrections, so that all versions and corrections are flawed. Among the corrections was Abdolrasouli’s correction which is also known as the Tehran edition. Moreover, Sajjadi, based on the London version and other copies in the book of Tehran, published Khaghani's poetry as well. Although Sajjadi published more Khagani's lyric poems than Abdolrasoli in certain cases, the version of Tehran (the corrected version by Abdulrasooli) is superior to other versions, especially to the London edition. However Sajjadi in order to illustrate the new aspects of the Divan in his publication along with putting confidence on London version has marginalized the exact words of Tehran correction in many instances. In the present paper, the version of Tahran which is oftentimes regarded whimsical and unusual will be mentioned with regards to poetic and non-poetical reasons. 1. Introduction Khaghani Shervani is one of the greatest and the most difficult poets of Persian language and literature among Persian poets. The reasons for the difficulty of Khaghani's poems is both the use of different sciences and the imagination. A commentary on Khaghani's poems has been written since ancient times. These old explanations express the difficulty and the importance of Khaghani's poetry. In the contemporary era, certain corrections have been made to Khaghani's Divan as well. One of these corrections is the correction of Abdolrasouli namely Tehran correction. He has used several versions for his correction. Later, Sajjadi and Mansour also corrected Khaghani's Divan. Evaluating items recorded in different versions shows that Abdulrasooli's correction portrays the most accurate correction. 2. Theoretical framework One of the editions of Khaghani's poems is the edition of Abdolrasouli namely Tehran version. This edition, which is one of the first scientific examples, has been made through several copies whose exact identities are not very clear. Abdolrasouli's printing has been somewhat marginalized after Saqjadi’s correction. According to the items mentioned in the Tehran version, it is clear that the Tehran edition has given correct items that are not in other versions. The importance of the Tehran version will be revealed by carefully examining the items recorded in Abdolrasouli's edition and comparing them with the items recorded in other copies. This research shows that the Abdolrasouli's version is very valuable and is necessary to read Khaghani's Divan and researchers of Khaghani's poems need other corrections in addition to Sajjadi. 3. Methodology The research method in this research is analytical-descriptive. First, the items recorded in the Tehran printing press, which are different from other versions, have been identified. Subsequently, by examining and comparing the cases recorded in the Tehran version and other copies, additional research was performed. Finally, the research confirmed the importance and accuracy of the items recorded in the Tehran version. That is, by analyzing the cases in the manuscript through the ancillary sciences as well as the poetic and textual reasons, the reason for the accuracy of the case in the Tehran version was revealed. The semantic description and the analysis of the bit at the end of each entry was the final path of the research. 4. Results & Discussion Although after Abdolrasoli, Sajjadi published more Khagani's lyric poems than Abdolrasoli, in specific cases, the version of Tehran is superior to other versions, especially to the London edition. However, Sajjadi, in order to illustrate the new aspects of the Divan in his publication along with putting confidence on London version has marginalized the exact words of Tehran correction in many instances which is believed to be whimsical and unusual in particular cases, will be mentioned with poetic and non-poetical reasons. In this study, it was found that the words noh xarās ‘nine mills’, volūgh ‘dogs drink water’, nadab ‘gage’, moqri-e Misr ‘egyptian quran reader’, zafar ‘victory’, morgh-e nāme-āvar ‘letter chicken’, shāye ‘fruit’, āyene ‘mirror’, anghā ‘phoenix’, bayān ‘expression’, deyhīm wa gargar ‘throne and crown’, golbām ‘morning sound’, Mašghūf ‘very happy’, noghte-ye nūn ‘point of noon’, šīrxhār "infant", šekvā ‘complaint’ and bāghhā ‘gardens’ that are mentioned in the Tehran version are correct. In most versions and natures, the wrong aspects of noh havās ‘nine senses’, hozūr ‘presence’, diat ‘blood money’, masrū’ ‘epileptic’, sāye ‘shadow’, ābele ‘smallpox’, falak ‘the sky’, jenān ‘paradise’, takht ‘bed’, golbāng ‘loud’, maš’ūf ‘happy’, xūn ‘blood’, rūzedār ‘fasting’, šokrī ‘thanksgiving’ and bā-dahā or bādhā ‘cleverly’ or ‘wines’ have been mentioned. Another result of the present study is highlighting the necessity of paying attention to the Tehran version while describing Khaghani's poems. However, this latter result does not support the complete correctness of the Tehran version, but it does indicate that the reading of Abdolrasouli's edition should also be considered in reading Khaghani's Divan. 5. Conclusions& Suggestions In order to more accurately understand Khaghani's poems, it is necessary to pay attention to all the copies of Khaghani's Divan. The Tehran edition (published by Abdolrasouli) is one of the editions that can make it easier to understand Khaghani's poetry. Using this version and comparing the disputed cases with other versions, it is observed that the Tehran version occasionally offers the most correct case. Select Bibliography Abolfaraj Isfahani, A. 1993. Songs. Beirut: Dar al ehya al-torath arabi. [in Arabic] Abu Nuʹaym Isfahāni, H. 1995. Ḥilyat al-awliyāʹ wa-ṭabaqāt al-aṣfiyāʹ,Qahere: Dar omol gora. [in Arabic] Firoozabadi, M. Undated. Dictionary of the environment. Qahere: Al-Saada. [in Arabic] Ibn Sina, H. 1996. The soul from the book of healing. Researched by Hassan Hassanzadeh. Qom: Altabe le maktab aelam eslami. [in Arabic] Jahez, A. 1948 Statement and explanation. Investigation of Abdul Salam Haroon. Beirut: Dar al-Fikr. [in Arabic] Jahez, A. 1965. The book of the animal. Investigation of Abdul Salam Haroon. Qahere:Majtaba Al-Halabi. [in Arabic] Khāqāni Sharvāni, A. 2008. Divān-e Khāqāni Sharvāni, Corrected by Ali Abd-o-rasuli, Tehran: Sanāei. [in Persian] Khāqāni Sharvāni, A. 2009.Divān-e Khāqāni Sharvāni. Corrected by Ziauddin Sajjadi. Tehran: Zavar. [in Persian] Qazvini, Z. 1989. Wonders of Creatures and Strangers of Creatures. Beirut: Darahiyah Al-Tarath Al-Arabi. [in Arabic] Tusi, M. 1965. Wonders of Creatures. To Manouchehr Sotoudeh. Tehran: Bongahe nashr o tarjome. [in Persian] خاقانی از خیالپردازترین شعرای زبان فارسی است. دریافت زوایای شعر او که در پردة باریک‌اندیشی، خیالانگیزی، بهرهگیری از علوم و فرهنگ عامه مستور است، از همان آغازین روزها کسانی چون شادیآبادی، معموری و آذری را به شرح اشعار وی واداشت. از آن پس کاتبان، شارحان و مصححان در گذرگاه خاقانیپژوهی، این بارِ سنگین را با خود تا دنیای چاپ و طبع آوردهاند. پیچیدگی دیوان خاقانی، لغزشگاه همۀ خاقانی‌پژوهان گردیدهژوهان گردیده‌است؛ چنانکه هیچ نسخه، تصحیح و شرحی مبرا از عیب نیست. یکی از نسخ در تصحیحها، طبع عبدالرسولی، موسوم به نسخة تهران بود. سجادی با بهرهگیری از نسخ لندن بهعنوان نسخۀ اساس و نسخ معتبر دیگر در کنار نسخة تهران بار دیگر دیوان خاقانی را منتشر کرد. بعد از او نیز کزازی و منصور در این راه گام نهادند. با اینکه تصحیح سجادی بعد از طبع عبدالرسولی بود، اما در برخی موارد هنوز ضبط نسخة تهران بر طبع سجادی برتری دارد. سجادی غالبا به خاطر اعتماد به نسخة لندن و برای ارائة وجهی جدید، مأنوس و متفاوت، وجه صحیح نسخة تهران را نادیده گرفته، موارد سقیم را وارد متن خود کردهاست. در این مقاله نمونههایی از وجوه نسخة تهران که در بیشتر موارد منحصر و غریب است، ارائه می‌شود و براهین صحت این وجوه با دلایل درونمتنی، بیرونمتنی، پیرامتنی و زیباییشناسی اقامه می‌گردد.

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دانشگاه گیلان زبان فارسی و گویش‌های ایرانی 2476-6585 5 2 2020 09 22 The Mechanisms of Euphemization in the Novels of the Constitutional Period A Case Study on: “The Orphans’ story”, “The Interview”, and “The Black trick” سازوکارهای به‌واژه‌سازی در رمان‌های دورۀ مشروطه مطالعۀ موردی؛ سرگذشت یتیمان، مصاحبه، نیرنگ سیاه 103 124 4858 10.22124/plid.2021.19570.1532 FA بهاره رفاهی دانشجوی دکتری زبان و ادبیات فارسی دانشگاه گیلان، رشت، ایران محرم رضایتی کیشه خاله استاد زبان و ادبیات فارسی دانشگاه گیلان، رشت. ایران Journal Article 2021 05 08 In this research, the main objective was to enumerate the types of euphemism in the novels of the Constitutional period and to compare them with the literary works, and cultural and social situations in addition to analyzing their evaluation through time. For this target, three novels “The orphan’s story”, “The interview”, and “The black trick”, which are considered as social novels of the Constitutional period, have been studied. In this research, the words based on the context, the narrative situation, and the concept they contain were examined and consequently were analyzed regarding the euphemism construction mechanism. Based on this study, it is argued that euphemisms, in addition to their main concept, include certain implicit meanings. These implications can be constructed in a particular community, or in a historical period and can also carry a certain emotion and ideology. Moreover, they can be used for taboo words and concepts. In this article, it has been shown how novels express social, cultural and moral concepts of the Constitutional period through euphemisms. The mechanisms of euphemism are verbiage, brevity, metonymy, metaphor, irony, descriptive phrase, adduct, use of non-Persian words, use of ancient Persian words, and repudiation questions. 1. Introduction In this research, three novels namely“The orphans’ story”, “The interview”, and “The black trick” that belong to the Constitutional period were carefully studied. Euphemisms are words that have certain semantic load and can convey the author's intentions through specifically semantic, emotional, sentimental, and even ideological burden. Euphemism is the best word that can, to the best form, convey the author's intent. The most important criterion in choosing euphemism is the amount of knowledge and awareness of the audience. In this regard, the author, according to the collective and ideological consciousness of the target community, tries to use the best words to express her/his intention. This choice, if done correctly and accurately; at first, attracts the audience’s attention to the story; and then will be able to influence her/his social, cultural and moral bias. According to this, euphemisms are categorized in three categories namely historical-social, emotional-ideological, and complimenting words against taboo words. 2. Theoretical framework Euphemism is the use of polite and respectful instead of unpleasant or offensive words or phrases. Euphemism can be considered as “a purely lexical phenomenon which is used to replace taboo words and expressions for polite language applications” (Mousavi and Badakhshan, 1395: 56). The use of euphemisms causes explicit and unpleasant meanings to appear in a new pleasant format. In this new context, words will be more engaging and effective. Therefore, we can assume Euphemism as “a form of creation, literary invention, or even semantic aberration” (Norouzi and Abbaszadeh, 1389: 152). It is noteworthy that we can claim “This is euphemism” only when the audience understand the indirect use of words or phrases which are indicating the speaker's desire to refer to an implicit meaning in a polite manner. Therefore, the meaning of the words will be determined by the context (Warren, 1992: 132). 3. Methodology In order to study the Euphemism, three novels belonging to the Constitutional period namely “The orphans’ story”, “The interview”, and “The black trick were selected. To cultivate theoretical foundations, the library method was used. In this article, the study of euphemism was performed within the framework of lexical approach and was limited to the level of lexical items. Ironic expressions, descriptive or additional expressions, metaphors, and repudiation questions which were used in the form of complex words bearing a single meaning were considered as euphemism. 4. Results & Discussion According to the present study, euphemisms were verifiable in three categories namely historical – social, emotional – ideological, and complimenting words against taboo words. Historical – social euphemisms used by native speakers emerge according to the social conditions and characteristics and also the historical period. Emotional – ideological euphemisms contain the emotions, feelings and ideology of the language and can express people's approach to a particular issue. Next to these two groups are euphemisms that are used in contrast to taboo words. The mentioned types of euphemism can be transformed crossing a historical era or stay the same. It can be said that the evolution of words depends on the social and cultural evolution of the target society. 5. Conclusions & Suggestions Based on this study, it was argued that euphemisms are tools of significance which provide the writer with a variety of expressive possibilities. In this regard, it can be observed that using this tool by the writer accurately and intelligently and in order to express social, cultural and moral ugliness in an aura of ambiguity, can have a deeper impact on the audience. In other words, if the authors of the novels under survey in this research did not use euphemism, they could not express their personal opinions. Euphemisms in addition to the semantic load, bear historical noteworthiness and carry social, cultural, ethical, emotional, or ideological burdens. Therefore, it can be claimed that they represent the features of social attitude, historical development, and the way culture and ethics flow in society. Moreover, they include the author's personal feelings and emotions and can convey these feelings and emotions to the audience so that they can have a deeper impact on the audience than what the neutral words may have. Select Bibliography Allan, K. & K. Burridge. 1991. Euphemism and Dysphemism: Language Used as Shield and Weapon. New York: Oxford University Press. Dad, S. 1999. Dictionary of Literary Terms. Tehran: Morvarid. [In Persian] Holder, R.W. 1994. How to Say What You Mean: A Dictionary of Euphemisms.Third Edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Kashani, A. 2017. The Interview. In: Iranian constitutionalism and Persian novels. Masood Kohestani najad (ed.). First volume. Tehran: Donyaye Eghtesad. [In Persian] Kohestani najad, M. 2017. Iranian constitutionalism and Persian novels. First & Fourth volume. Tehran: Donyaye Eghtesad. [In Persian] Mc Whorter, J. 2016. Euphemise this. In aeon.co. Moeen, M. 2001. Persian Dictionary. Tehran: Sorayesh. [In Persian] Rawson, H. 1981. A Dictionary of Euphemisms and Other Doubletalk. New, York: Crown Publishers, Inc. Wardhaugh, R. 2014. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. Translated by Amini, R. Tehran: Institute of Humanities and Cultural Studies. [In Persian] Warren, B. 1992.What Euphemisms Tell Us about the Interpretation of Words-Studia Linguistica, 46(2), 128-172. هدف اصلی در این جستار، برشمردن انواع به‌واژه در رمان‌های دورۀ مشروطه و مقایسۀ آنها با معادل ادبی، فرهنگی و اجتماعی امروزی و بررسی تحول آنهاست. برای نیل به این منظور به‌واژه در سه رمان سرگذشت یتیمان، مصاحبه و نیرنگ سیاه، از رمان‌های اجتماعی دورۀ مشروطه مطالعه شده‌است. در این جستار ابتدا به واژگان براساس بافت متن، موقعیت داستانی و مفهوم توجه شده، سپس سازوکار ساخت به‌واژه تعیین شده‌است. براساس این مطالعه می‌توان گفت به‌واژه‌ها علاوه‌بر مفهوم اصلی، معانی ضمنی را نیز شامل می‌شوند؛ این معانی می‌توانند برساختۀ اجتماع یا دورۀ تاریخی خاصی باشند یا عاطفه و ایدئولوژی خاصی را حمل کنند یا در مقابل واژگان و مفاهیم تابو به کار روند. در این مقاله نشان داده شده که رمان‌های مطالعهشده چگونه با به‌واژه‌ها، که با استفاده از سازوکارهای کاربرد اطناب، ایجاز، کنایه، استعاره، مجاز، ترکیب وصفی، ترکیب اضافی، استفاده از واژگان غیرفارسی، استفاده از واژگان کهن فارسی و استفهام انکاری ساخته شده‌اند، به بیان مفاهیم اجتماعی، فرهنگی و اخلاقی دورۀ مشروطه پرداخته‌اند.

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دانشگاه گیلان زبان فارسی و گویش‌های ایرانی 2476-6585 5 2 2020 09 22 A Form of Oath with Conditional Construction in Persian گونه‌ای از بیان سوگند با ساختِ نحوی شرط 125 143 4414 10.22124/plid.2020.16893.1466 FA فرهاد محمدی استادیار زبان و ادبیات کُردی، دانشگاه کردستان، سنندج، ایران. Journal Article 2020 06 22 In addition to the main construction of oath in which one swears to someone or something, it has another form in Persian language. This kind of oath is a conditional construction which, at its first part, is provided with the subject of oath and at the second part, with the act of oath. In this paper, using the "speech act" theory in John Austin's point of view as a theoretical basis and by mentioning examples of literary works as well as examples of slang register, we will specify the conditional construction of oath. The results of the present research show that the form of conditional oath, in comparison with the main form, bears more emphasis and thus is further used in occasions that the addresser tends to emphasize on the subject. 1. Introduction Oath in Persian has always had a special syntactic construction that has changed over time. The basic complete construction of swearing consists of the following components: *(To view this part of the text, refer to the end of the pdf file in the main article) In this construction, the ‘noun’ is what is sworn by. The ‘sentence’ is subject of the oath, i.e. what the oath is taken for, such as: *(To view this part of the text, refer to the end of the pdf file in the main article) • ‘I swear by the dust of your feet that I wish to die at your feet’ Apart from the main form mentioned above, the expression of an oath in Persian represents another form through a conditional construction. In a conditional swearing, the subject of the oath (i.e. what the oath is taken for) is stated in the dependent clause, and the act of swearing (i.e. what the oath is taken by) is included in the main clause. 2. Theoretical Framework John Austin’s theory of “speech acts” suggests that, in the human language system, the speech inherently represents the performance of an act. In other words, the expression of words in itself is the doing of the action. Austin calls such speech ‘speech act’, i.e. the speech that carries an action. He argues that when a speaker utters a sentence, three levels of speech acts occur simultaneously: Locutionary act, Illocutionary act, and Perlocutionary act. Locutionary act is the meaningful phrases and sentences that are expressed. In illocutionary act, the speaker expresses phrases and sentences to encode a specific meaning. In the perlocutionary act, the speaker influences the audience through the speech. Austin divides the second speech act, i.e. illocutionary act, into five categories: 1. Verdictive: Acts that emphasize the speaker’s commitment to the truth of a proposition, such as ‘express’ and ‘estimate’ verbs. 2. Exercitive: Acts that indicate the exercise of power, right, sovereignty, will and influence and are expressed through such verbs as ‘choose’, ‘advise’, ‘order’, ‘appoint’ and ‘plead’ . 3. Commissive: Acts that indicate the speaker’s commitment to do something and, by expressing them, the speaker obliges oneself to do things. The verbs ‘promise’, ‘commit’ and ‘swear’ fall into this category. 4. Behabitive: Acts that show the types of social behaviors of language speakers, such as the verbs‘apologize’, ‘thank’, ‘sympathize’, ‘insult’, ‘humiliate’, etc. 5. Expositive: Acts that deal with how words are used in language and describe how speech is organized in the conversational process. This type of act includes the following verbs: ‘Argue’, ‘answer’, ‘assume’, ‘accept’ and ‘explain’. Taking of an oath or oath, which is the subject of this inquiry, belongs to the category of commissive acts in which the speaker takes an oath to express their commitment to an issue. Thus, from the point of view of the theory of speech acts, ‘swearing’ is an act that the speaker does with speech. The pragmatics and semantics of the syntactic construction in question confirm that although the form of speech is conditional, it is used for a certain act, which is the expression of an oath. 3. Methodology In this article, the nature and the status of the conditional construction of oath is examined with examples of classical and contemporary Persian literary works. To do this, with a comprehensive plan and a practical approach, we will examine the conditional construction of oath to understand how the components of this syntactic construction may change to encode a different meaning at different tenses and for first-person, second-person and third-person forms. 4. Results and Discussion What is needed to know about this type of oath is to answer the following two questions: 1- What is its syntactic form and what are its components? 2- How does each of the syntactic components of this type of swearing change, and in what ways can it be plotted? In other words, in different practical situations, what structural changes might occur in conditional oath constructions to produce different forms of this type of oath? The nature of the conditional type of oath is best revealed when comparing the following examples, which expresses the same subject in both types of oath: The common construction of swearing: *(To view this part of the text, refer to the end of the pdf file in the main article) • ‘I swear by my life that I will not break my covenant’ Conditional swearing: *(To view this part of the text, refer to the end of the pdf file in the main article) • ‘Broken be my back and my soul! If I break my covenant’ The meaning of both sentences is the same, but the way they are expressed is syntactically different. In the conditional construction, the speaker considers breaking the covenant as a curse upon themselves to show that they do not break the covenant. In this syntactic construction of swearing, the dependent clause in which the subject of the oath is raised is not limited in terms of tense: it is used for any subject in all three present, past and future tenses: Present: *(To view this part of the text, refer to the end of the pdf file in the main article) • ‘May I be a base-born if I have any other mistake than this’ Past: *(To view this part of the text, refer to the end of the pdf file in the main article) • ‘May my poetry be ill-gotten if I had written only a poem in my life except with the echo of your name’ Future: *(To view this part of the text, refer to the end of the pdf file in the main article) • ‘I would be worse than a dog if I run after bread/sustenance like a dog’ The main clause can be expressed in three forms: ‘declarative’, ‘imperative’ and ‘exclamatory’, each of which can be converted into other forms. The possibility of converting these forms into one another form implies that the speaker feels free to express a story with three different constructions according to the situation: Main clause in the form of a declarative sentence: *(To view this part of the text, refer to the end of the pdf file in the main article) • ‘I am ignoble if I go with a complain to a stranger’ Main clause in the form of an exclamatory sentence: *(To view this part of the text, refer to the end of the pdf file in the main article) • ‘If I have been contaminated by the wine so far, may God’s lawful be unlawful to me!’ Main clause in the form of an imperative sentence: *(To view this part of the text, refer to the end of the pdf file in the main article) • ‘If this deed of mine is not true, make me die a Jew God’ Although the expression of an oath through the conditional construction is possible in all three grammatical persons, i.e. first, second and third person, in both ‘singular’ and ‘plural’ forms, it is widely used in the first person (singular and plural) and its meaning is clearer in this form. This type of oath is rarely used in the second or third persons, and its meaning is not very clear: First person singular: *(To view this part of the text, refer to the end of the pdf file in the main article) • ‘My house may be ruined if I have said such a thing’ First person plural: *(To view this part of the text, refer to the end of the pdf file in the main article) • ‘We are not human if we relinquish our right’ 5. Conclusion and Suggestions The present paper illustrated that oath in Persian is not limited to the major common construction rather it has long been encoded through conditionals on special occasions. The conditional construction of swearing in Persian is used for any subject in all three tenses of the past, present, and future, with slight differences in the first-, second- and third-person forms. The main clause in this type of oath expression is always in negative form and can be expressed in declarative, imperative, or exclamatory forms. Rhetorically, this type of oath is used widely in situations where the speaker emphasizes the subject in question and tends to reassure the audience about the subject by removing any doubts. Uncommon abbreviations: SUBJ = subjunctive; DECL = declarative; EXCL = exclamatory; IMPE = imperative; PRS = present; PST = past; FUT = future; PL = plural; SG = single. Select Bibliography Akhavan Sales, M. 1995. Three Books. Tehran: Winter. [in Persian] Stroll, A. 2013. Analytical Philosophy in the Twentieth Century. Translated by Fereydoun Fatemi. Tehran: Markaz. [in Persian] Aminpour, Q. 2009. Mirrors Suddenly. Tehran: Ofogh. [in Persian] Hafez, Sh. 1983. Poetical Works. Edited by Parviz Natel Khanlari. Vol. 1. Tehran: Kharazmi. [in Persian] Khaqani, A. 1994. Poetical Works of Khaqani. Edited by Ziaeddin Sajadi. Tehran: Zavar. [in Persian] Searle, J. 2008. Speech Acts. Translated by Mohammad Ali Abdollahi. Qom: Research Institute of Islamic Sciences and Culture. [in Persian] Saadi, M. 2015. Saadi Sonnets. Edited by Gholam hossein Yousefi. Tehran: Sokhan. [in Persian] Sheikh Baha’ie, M. 2003. Collected Poems. Introduction by Saeed Nafisi. Tehran: Zarrin. [in Persian] Mawlawi, J. 1984. The Works of Shams of Tabriz. Edited by Badiozzaman Forouzanfar. Tehran: Amir Kabir. [in Persian] Nizami, I. 2007. Sharafnameh. Edited by Behrouz Servatian. Vol. 1. Tehran: Amir Kabir. [in Persian] بیان سوگند در زبان فارسی غیر از گونۀ اصلی که در آن برای موضوعی به کسی یا چیزی سوگند می‌خورند، دارای گونۀ دیگری است که با وجود کاربرد آن در گذشته و حال، تاکنون توجهی بدان نشده‌است. این گونه از بیان سوگند دارای ساختِ شرطی است که در جملۀ شرط موضوع سوگند بیان میشود، و در جملۀ جواب شرط نیز عمل سوگندخوردن قرار میگیرد. این نوع از سوگند یکی از مصداق‌های «کنش‌گفتار» در زبان فارسی است که گوینده با بیان آن عمل سوگند را انجام می‌دهد. در این نوشتار با بهره‌گیری از مفاهیم نظریۀ «کنش‌گفتار» در دیدگاه جان آستین به عنوان مبنای نظری و با ذکر نمونههایی از آثار ادبی و نیز مواردی از گفتار عامیانه، گونۀ شرطیِ بیان سوگند تبیین و تشریح میشود تا نشان داده شود که این نوع سوگند هم در گذشته متداول بوده‌است و هماکنون در زبان روزمره کاربرد گسترده‌ای دارد. از نتیجة کار چنین برمیآید که این شیوه نسبت به نوع شناختهشده و متداول آن تأکید بیشتری دارد و در مواقعی استفاده میشود که گوینده بخواهد بر موضوع تأکید و مبالغۀ بیشتری داشته باشد.

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دانشگاه گیلان زبان فارسی و گویش‌های ایرانی 2476-6585 5 2 2020 09 22 The Semantic Frames of the Verb Xandæn in Persian قالب‌های معنایی فعل «خواندن» در فارسی 145 168 4367 10.22124/plid.2020.15405.1432 FA مسعود دهقان استادیار زبان‌شناسی همگانی، دانشگاه کردستان، سنندج، ایران بهناز وهابیان دانش‌آموختۀ دکتری زبان‌شناسی همگانی، دانشگاه بوعلی سینا، همدان، ایران Journal Article 2020 01 08 One of the most important issues in the field of semantics is polysemy occurring at different language levels. The purpose of the present study is to investigate the semantic frames of the verb xandæn and to present the different meanings of this verb in Persian based on the Frame Semantics Theory (1982) in cognitive approach. The methodology of this qualitative research is descriptive-analytic, and the studied corpus contains the prototypical and distinctive meanings of the Persian verb xandæn collected from Farhang-e Bozorg-e Soxan. In the mentioned book, fifteen distinctive meanings have been documented for this verb. The total samples used in the present research are taken from this book. The analysis of the research data revealed that the prototypical meaning of the verb xandæn is ‘reading’. Moreover, it was showed that, in addition to the prototypical meaning of "reading" as a semantic frame, xandæn illustrates five more semantic clusters, namely “mapping, comprehension, education, naming and metaphorical meaning,” which are regarded as semantic sub-frames of "perceptual-visual". In other words, all distinctive meanings fall under this particular semantic sub-frame. The research findings give a clear picture of the meanings of xandæn in Persian. Also, the explanations presented in this study can be useful in Persian language teaching and facilitate learning Persian for Persian language learners. 1. Introduction One of the most important issues in the field of semantics is polysemy occurring at different language levels.The purpose of the present study is to investigate the semantic frames of the verb xandæn and to present the different meanings of this verb in Persian based on the Frame Semantics Theory (1982) in cognitive approach.Frames are represented as the lexical units. In other words, lexical units are used to express mental concepts (i.e. frames) so that the semantic differences in a single general concept or a single frame are portrayed through different lexical units. In this regard, Fillmore has investigated the importance of studying the encyclopedic meaning and examining the semantic network of each word. He considers each template to be a single design of the experience that exists in human’s long-term memory. Therefore, it is not possible to understand the meaning of a word or a grammatical construction outside of its semantic frame. This frame consists of elements gathered around the experience. Each semantic frame is the knowledge needed to understand the meaning of a particular word or related words. In this article, among different lexical categories, the category of verb has been examined. 2. Theoretical Framework As the present study aims to investigate the polysemy of the verb xandan from the perspective of Frame Semantics model, in the following, the model which was first proposed by Fillmore (1982) will be introduced The model of Frame Semantics is based on the belief that words are empirical categories influenced by situations which are, in turn, shaped by background knowledge and experience. According to this idea, words are formed only through experiences and situations of human’s life, consequently the only possible way to realize how the semantic elements of speech are being served is to understand the experiences and the situations. With respect to the meaning of a word, Frame Semantics is an attempt to understand the motivations of a language community toward the production of a word category. Hence, this approach shows the meaning of a word by classifying these motives. Fillmore’s (1982) view of Frame Semantics is a study and research program in empirical semantics as well as providing a descriptive framework for explaining the results of such a study. He also believes that Frame Semantics provides both a specific way to deal with the meanings of words and a way to determine the principles of creating new words, as well furnishing conditions to add new meanings to words and to accumulate the meanings of the components of a text to understand the whole meaning. In his 1969 paper, Fillmore argues that cases such as agentive, experiencer, instrumental, patient, factive, locative, temporal, source, goal, companion, benefactor, and force are universal and possibly inherent concepts which are formed through the judgments humans make about the events taking place around them. Generally, there are two types of frames called “cognitive frames” and “interactive frames”. Interactive frames are concerned with how to conceptualize what happens between the speaker and the listener or between the writer and the reader. For further explanation, Fillmore describes the "scene" schema of the “transaction” field (Fillmore, 1977) and tries to prove that a large number of English verbs are semantically related in different ways through the same “scene” in the human mind. For example, in the field of transaction, there are certain elements such as ‘buyer’, ‘seller’, ‘goods’, and ‘money’, which through each a scene is highlighted alongside the transaction-related English verbs namely ‘sell’, ‘buy’, ‘pay’, ‘cost’ etc. while the other part shapes the scene background. According to the relationships that govern commercial exchange, the scenes of outside of the world portrays the buyer and the seller as giving money to the seller and giving goods to the byer in return. Interestingly, while expressing such a single scene in languages of the world bears a certain frame, the four mentioned elements express the same event in the form of a large set of sentences. Fillmore seeks to understand how these language patterns encode the outside world events. 3. Methodology The methodology of this qualitative research is descriptive-analytic, and the studied corpus contains the prototypical and distinctive meanings of the Persian verb xandæn collected from Farhang-e Bozorg-e Soxan. In this book, a myriad of distinctive meanings have been considered for xandæn. The total samples used in this article are taken from the mentioned book. 4. Results and Discussion The research findings represent a clear picture of the meanings of the verb xandæn ‘reading’ in Persian.In this regard, the explanations presented in this study can be useful in Persian language teaching and can facilitate learning Persian for Persian language learners. Studying the fifteen distinct semantic frames in Persian for the verb xandæn ‘reading’ in Persian based on the findings of this article indicate that the analysis of this verb led to finding fifteen distinct semantic frames in Persian among which the meaning of ‘reading’ is considered as the prototypical meaning, which immediately comes to the mind of the Persian speakers. 5. Conclusions The main focus of this study was on the verb xandan in Persian. Analyzing the separate meanings of this verb based on Fillmore's frame semantics model (1982) in cognitive semantics, it was found that this verb bears the prototypical and primary meaning of ‘reading’. The results also showed that this verb, in addition to the prototypical meaning of ‘reading’ as a semantic frame, portrays five more semantic clusters, namely “mapping, comprehension, education, naming and metaphorical meaning,” which are regarded as semantic sub-frames of “perceptual-visual”. In other words, all distinctive meanings fall under this particular semantic sub-frame. Select Bibliography Begum, R.; Samar, H.; Lakshmi, B. & Dipti, M. 2008. Developing Verb Frames for Hindi, Sharma Language Technologies Research Centre, IIIT, Hyderabad, India. Fillmore, C. J. & Sue Atkins, B. T. 1992. Toward a frame-based lexicon: the semantics of risk and its neighbors. Adrienne Lehrer and Eva Feder Kittay (eds.). Frames, fields and contrasts: New essays in semantic and lexical organization. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. Fillmore, C. J. 1977. Topics in lexical semantics, Roger W. Cole (ed.). Current issues in linguistic theory, Bloomington: Indiana University Press. Fillmore, C. J. 1982. Frame semantics, Linguistics in the Morning Calm. In The Linguistic Society of Korea, Seoul: Hanshin Publishing Co. Fillmore, C. J. 1985. Frames and the semantics of understanding. Quaderni di semantica, 6(2), 222-254. Fillmore, C. J. 1987. A private history of the concept frame. Rene Dirven and Gunter Radden (eds.) Concepts of case. Gunter Narr Verlag Fillmore, C. J. 2006. Scenes-and-frames semantics, Antonio Zampolli (ed.). Linguistic structures processing. Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing. Geeraerts, D. 2010. Theories of lexical semantics. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Karimi Dustan, Gh. & Ruhi B., Z. 2017. Semantic Study of the Light Verb zadan from Cognitive Perspective, Language Related Research. 7(3), 129-148 [In Persian]. Rasekh Mahand, M. 2011. An Introduction to Cognitive Linguistics: Theories and Concepts, Tehran: SAMT publication. [In Persian]. هدف از پژوهش حاضر، بررسی قالبهای معنایی فعل «خواندن» و ارائۀ معانی مختلف این فعل در زبان فارسی براساس انگارۀ معناشناسی قالب-بنیاد فیلمور (1982) با رویکرد شناختی است. پیکرۀ مورد بررسی، معانی سرنمون و مجزای فعل خواندن در فارسی است که با روش کتابخانهای از فرهنگ بزرگ سخن گرد‌آوری شدهاست. در این فرهنگ، پانزده معنای مختلف برای فعل خواندن آمدهاست. پس از استخراج شواهد مشخص شد که معنای سرنمون یا اولیۀ فعل خواندن، «قرائت» است. نتایج نشان داد که این فعل علاوهبر معنای سرنمونِ «قرائت» پنج خوشۀ معنایی شامل «مطابقه، درک و فهم، تحصیل، نامگذاری/ صدازدن و استعاری» دارد که همگی در زیرقالبِ معنایی خاصِ «ادراکی-بصری» قرار میگیرند. یافتههایِ پژوهش، تصویری روشن از معانی فعل خواندن در زبان فارسی بهدست داده‌است و تبیینهای ارائهشده در این پژوهش میتوانند در آموزش زبانفارسی مفید واقع شوند و یادگیری آن را برای زبانآموزان سهل نمایند.

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دانشگاه گیلان زبان فارسی و گویش‌های ایرانی 2476-6585 5 2 2020 09 22 The Judeo-Persian letter of Dandān-Uiliq II نامۀ فارسی یهودی دندان اویلیق2 169 196 4420 10.22124/plid.2020.16354.1455 FA نیما آصفی دانشجوی دکتری فرهنگ و زبان‏های باستانی ایران، پژوهشگاه علوم انسانی و مطالعات فرهنگی، تهران، ایران. 0000-0002-6099-4516 ابراهیم شفیعی دانشجوی دکتری فرهنگ و زبان‏های باستانی ایران، دانشگاه تهران، ایران Journal Article 2020 04 23 This paper deals with a Judeo-Persian letter named Dandān-Uiliq II (henceforth DU II); which probably dates back to 9th century C.E. In addition to its content, DU II has some important linguistic features, often absent in Persian texts written in Arabic script. Among them the use of “kū” as a preposition and the ancient subjunctive mood can be mentioned. The present paper will present a translation of the letter in addition to a discussion of its ancient linguistic features with comparison to the Early New Persian texts (in Perso-Arabic script) and certain early Quran translations into Persian (especially Qur'an-e Quds). The linguistic features of this early Judeo-Persian letter will represent a definite stage where the language is changing from Middle Persian to New Persian (Dari). Since the evidences related to this stage is relatively rare in the extant texts of Persian, this letter can undoubtedly be used for a more understanding of the period of Persian language evolution. The given translation is not the same as the previous English and Chinese translations and reflects our understanding of its syntax and morphology. 1. Introduction Iranian Jewish communities have not settled only in the borders of Iran today, but in neighboring countries. Their works, including unwritten as well as written materials, are not only the best heritages of their presence but also the mirror of Iranian culture, language and daily matters. Their value in a time when the works and materials reflecting the Iranian culture are not so numerous, and especially regarding the language, when most of the works are written in Arabic or at least in an official form of the Persian not reflecting the local changes as well as the process of transmission of the Middle Persian to the Early New Persian becomes more understandable. In such an environment and in a multicultural district like the Taklamakan, two Judeo-Persian letters written by ink on the papers have been found till now. In addition to their information about the district in the 8th-9th century C.E., the letters show a kind of local dialect which in companion with other few documents from this period, can give the researchers of the Persian language, some samples showing how the Middle Persian have been transmitted to the Early New Persian. In Dandān-Uiliq, the writer after greetings, starts to count the gifts and the materials he has sent or has given to some officials there. In the last part, he advises that they should behave in a friendly manner towards the daughter of Dihqan and also gives some reports on the war and peace in Kashgar with Tibetans. The letter is not complete and the end part has missed. 2. Theoretical Framework The theoretical framework of the present paper is based on the common method of the Judeo-Persian studies and Persian language and literature as well as the historical linguistics. 3. Methodology In this paper, by discussing the previous works on DU II as well as other EJP related texts, the authors tried to find all the available researches, and then by processing the information, emended previous researches and in some cases, they have strengthened and expanded such information. It’s noteworthy that everywhere they have found some ambiguities, did their best to make them clear. 4. Results & Discussion The Judeo-Persian letter of DU II represents some important linguistic features, often in the absence of Persian texts written in Arabic script, e.g. the use of kū as a preposition and the ancient subjunctive mood. The letter has been translated in this paper and its ancient linguistic features have been discussed with comparison to the Early New Persian texts (in Perso-Arabic script) and some early Qur'an translations into Persian (especially Qur'an-e Quds). These features represent language transmission from Middle Persian to New Persian (Dari). The given translation is not the same as the previous English and Chinese translations and reflects our understanding of its syntax and morphology. 5. Conclusions & Suggestions The Judeo-Persian letter of DU II which is written approximately in the 9th century in the oasis of Dandān-Uiliq is the second letter of its kind and shows the historical, cultural, financial as well as the political and linguistic environment of the district at the time. From a linguistic point of view, the letter asserts the previous findings, however, it portrays some new features as well. Select Bibliography Boyce, Mary. 1975. A Reader in Manichaean Middle Persian, and Parthian: Texts with Notes. Bibliothèque Pahlavi. Dehxodā, A. 1998. Loqat Nāme. Tehrān: Dānešgāh-e Tehrān. [In Persian]. Durkin-Meisterernst, Desmond. 2004. A Dictionary of Manichaean Middle Persian and Parthian. Brepols. Lazar, Ž. 2014. Šeklgiri-ye zabān-e Fārsi. (M. Bahreyni, Motarjem), Tehrān: našr-e Hermes. [In Persian] Lurje, Pavel B. 2010. Personal Names in Sogdian Texts. ÖAW. Paul, Ludwig. 2003. "Early Judaeo-Persian in a Historical Perspective The case of the prepositions be, u, pa(d), and the suffix rā." In Persian origions, Early Judaeo-Persian and Emergence of New Persian, Collected Papers of the Symposium, Gottingen 1999, edited by Ludwig Paul, 177-194. Harrassowitz. Paul, Ludwig. 2013. A grammar of early Judaeo-Persian. Reichert Verlag. Utas, Bo. 1968. "The Jewish-Persian Fragment from Dandān-Uiliq." Orientalia Suecana 17: 123-136. Zhang, Zhan. 2016a. Between China and Tibet: A Documentary History of Khotan in the Late Eighth and Early Ninth Century. Harvard University (Doctoral dissertation). Zhang, Zhan. 2016b. "The Silk Road: A New History with Documents." In The Silk Road: A New History with Documents, edited by Valerie Hansen, 381-382. Oxford University Press. در این پژوهش به ترجمه و بررسی نامه‌ای فارسی یهودی به نام دندان اویلیق2 (با شکل کوتاه DU II) پرداخته شده‌است. این نامه احتمالا از سدۀ 3 هجری (9 میلادی) است و افزون بر اهمیت درونمایه، برخی ویژگی‌های زبانی بسیار مهمی دارد که در متون فارسی نوشته شده به خط عربی عموما یافت نمی‌شود. از جملۀ این ویژگی‌ها استفاده از حرف ربط kū و ساخت التزامی‌کهن (دورۀ میانه زبان فارسی) است. در مقالۀ حاضر، این نامه ترجمه و ویژگی‌های زبانی کهن آن تماما بررسی شده‌ و با ویژگی‌های متون فارسی کهن (به خط فارسی - عربی) و برخی ترجمه‌های کهن قرآنی (بهویژه قرآن قدس) سنجیده شده‌است. ویژگی‌های مذکور نشاندهندۀ مرحلة تحول زبان از فارسی میانه به فارسی نو (فارسی‌دری) است. ترجمۀ این پژوهش تفاوت‎‌های بسیاری با ترجمۀ پیشین به انگلیسی و چینی دارد و این ناشی از تفاوت در درک صرفی و دستوری ما از واژه‌ها و ساختار متن است.

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دانشگاه گیلان زبان فارسی و گویش‌های ایرانی 2476-6585 5 2 2020 09 22 A Historical View to the Structure of Reduplication with their Medial Adjuncts and their Explanation in the Construction Morphology Approach نگاهی تاریخی به ساخت تکرار و افزوده‌های میانی و تبیین آن در چارچوب نظریۀ صرف ساخت‌محور 197 210 4693 10.22124/plid.2021.14394.1402 FA میترا حسینقلیان دانشجوی دکتری زبان‌شناسی همگانی، دانشگاه بوعلی سینا، همدان، ایران Journal Article 2019 09 14 There are many words in Persian that are formed through the two processes of reduplication and medial adjuncts bearing a flat structure. This means that the two processes of reduplication and medial adjuncts are not performed step by step; rather they are formed by the operation of these two processes simultaneously. This flat structure can be explained in Construction Morphology. Construction Morphology is a cognitive and structure-based approach toward the process of word formation. Based on this theory, the patterns of forming new words in a language are based on abstract schemas. These flat structures are produced through the unification of schema of reduplication and the schema of medial adjuncts simultaneously. To show the starting point of forming such schemas in the mind of Persian speakers, we chose a historical view over the evolutionary period from Old Persian to New Persian. Our findings show that these structures are formed in Middle Persian. In this regard, the medial adjunct was merely the preposition /be/ which means ‘to’.The mentioned words transferred only the meanings of enhancement and sequence. However, during the next periods of Persian, other kinds of prepositions were also used in this structure on the basis of analogy. 1. Introduction Many words in Persian are generated through the two important processes of reduplication and medial adjuncts that are considered as flat structures. flat structures are structures in which the processes of combination are not performed step by step. Regarding the structures in our focus through this paper, they are formed by the operation of the two reduplication and medial adjuncts processes simultaneously. This flat structure can be explained in Construction Morphology. Construction Morphology is a theory of word structure in which the complex words of a language are analyzed as constructions, that is systematic pairings of form and meaning. Based on this theory, the patterns of word formation in a language are based on abstract schemas. The flat structures are produced through the unification of schema of reduplication and the schema of medial adjuncts simultaneously. In order to specify the starting point of forming such schemas in the mind of Persian speakers we had a historical view over the evolutionary period from Old Persian to New Persian. Our findings demonstrate that these structures are made in Middle Persian. In this regard, the medial adjunct was only the preposition be which means ‘to’. The mentioned words transferred only the meanings of enhancement and sequence. However, during the next periods of Persian, other kinds of prepositions were also used in this structure on the basis of analogy. 2. Theoretical framework Construction Morphology is a word-based perspective in which words are the starting point of morphological analysis (Aronoff, 2007). This is carried out by comparing sets of words like: (1) buy buyer eat eater shout shouter Regarding the set of words listed in (1), we discover a formal difference between the words in the left column and those in the right column. This difference correlates systematically with a meaning difference: the words on the right have an additional sequence /-er/ compared to those on the left, and denote the agents of the actions expressed by the verbs on the left. Words like “buy” and “buyer” stand in a paradigmatic relationship, as opposed to the systematic relationship that holds for words combined in a phrase or a sentence. This paradigmatic relationship between pairs of words like /buy/ and /buyer/ can be projected onto the word /buyer/ in the form of word-internal morphological structure: (2) [ [buy]v er] N In the mind of the English speakers, the set of words listed in (1) may give rise to an abstract schema of the following form: (3) [[x] v er] N ‘one who Vs’ A new word is formed by replacing the variable x in the schema with a concrete verb. This is the operation of unification. One of the properties of such a schema is embeddability which is interesting for morphological analysis. Given the existence of word formation schemas as abstractions over sets of complex words, such schema can be unified into more complex schema (Booij, 2015). 3. Methodology The particular constructions studied in this research are extracted from the following corpus: Grammar, Texts, Lexicon by Kent (2005); Old Persian by Razi (1988); Pahlavi texts by Jamasp (1992); A concise Pahlavi dictionary by Mackenzie (1992); Historical Grammar of Persian by Abolghasemi (2010, 2016); Persian Pahlavi dictionary by Faravashi (2001). Thousand years of Persian Prose by Keshavarz (2009) )it includes texts from early New Persian from primary centuries to near the end of 7th century). Through a review over the Old Persian to New Persian, we could verify the appearance of these constructions in Persian. Then we would be able to explain such complex constructions on the basis of abstract schemas described in Construction Morphology. 4. Results & discussion Regarding Old Persian and since Old Persian is an inflectional language, no structure of reduplication with the medial adjuncts was documented. That is, nouns, adjectives, and pronouns were inflected for gender, number and case and verbs were conjugated. Reviewing the texts of Old Persian, it is observed that the adverb duveii tā prānām with the meaning of ‘generation after generation’ is an inflectional word and the structure reduplication with medial adjuncts is not used for such kinds of concepts. With regards to Middle Persian, the only example for the construction of reduplication with medial adjuncts, was the word sarāsar. The medial formative is /ā/ and the meaning of this word is ‘throughout’. Other different words with this kind of formative formed through the next periods of Persian bear the structure of reduplication like gōnag gōnag with the meaning of ‘different’. Besides, in Middle Persian there are some words documented with the structure of reduplication and the preposition be meaning ‘to’ which is the only preposition in this era. The other words with the structure of reduplication and different prepositions in the next periods of Persian, are formed on the basis of analogy. It is noteworthy to mention that the meaning of all these constructions refer to quantity enhancement and sequence. Concerning Early New Persian to New Persian, it is observed that there are many words with the construction of reduplication and medial formatives and prepositions. On the basis of construction morphology, we have shown here the unification of the schema of reduplication and the schema of medial adjunct as an example: adj،adv [ X preposition "be" [adjunct medial ] X] medial adjunct]”be”preposition =] + reduplication ofNs,ADJs,advs [X X ] (4) 5. Conclusion We studied about the constructions of reduplication with medial adjuncts in Persian to specify the co-occurrence of word formation patterns in the coining of complex words. To show the starting point of forming such schemas, we had a historical view from Old Persian to New Persian. Our findings showed that these structures are formed in Middle Persian. The medial adjunct was only the preposition /be: to/. Such words transferred only the meanings of enhancement and sequence. However, during the next periods of Persian, other kinds of prepositions were also used in this structure on the basis of analogy. Select Bibliography Asana, J.M. 1992. Corpus of Pahlavi Texts (transcription, translation by Oryan). Tehran: National Library of Iran. [In Persian] Booij, G. 2015. Construction Morphology. In A. Hippisley and G. T. Stump (eds.), The Cambridge Handbook of Morphology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Farahvashi, B. 2001. Persian Pahlavi Dictionary. Tehran: Tehran University. [In Persian] Kent, R. G. 1953. Old Persian: Grammar. Texts. Lexicon. (translation by Oryan), Tehran: Organization of cultural heritage. [In Persian] Keshavaez, K. 2009. Thousand years of Persian Prose. Tehran: Elmi and Farhangi Publication. [In Persian] Mackenzie, D. N. 1992. A concise Pahlavi dictionary (translation by MirFakhrai), Tehran: Cultural studies and Humanities Sciences Institute. [In Persian] واژه‌های زیادی در زبان فارسی هستند که حاصل فرایند تکرار کامل و افزودۀ میانی و دارای ساخت ناپایگانی هستند، به این معنی که عمل تکرار پایه و کاربرد افزودۀ میانی به صورت مرحله‌به‌مرحله صورت نمی‌گیرد، بلکه واژۀ جدید حاصل عملکرد همزمان این دو فرایند است. این ساخت ناپایگانی در چارچوب نظری صرف ساخت‌محور قابل تبیین خواهد بود. صرف ساخت‌محور رویکردی شناختی و ساخت‌بنیاد به واژه‌سازی دارد که الگوهای واژه‌سازی را به صورت طرح‌واره‌های انتزاعی بهصورت جفت‌هایی از صورت و معنا می‌داند. طبق این چارچوب نظری، این ساخت ناپایگانی حاصل فرایند یکی‌سازی طرحوارۀ ذهنی تکرار و طرحوارۀ کاربرد افزودۀ میانی است. برای نشان دادن زمان طرحوارگی این ساخت در ذهن فارسی‌زبانان، نگاهی تاریخی به سیر تکامل آن از فارسی باستان تا فارسی امروز داشته‌ایم. یافته‌های پژوهش نشان می‌دهد که شروع این ساخت در دورۀ فارسی میانه بوده که افزودۀ میانی تنها با حرف اضافۀ «به» برای رساندن معانی توالی و افزایش کمیت کاربرد داشته‌است، اما در دوران‌های بعدی فارسی به قیاس با این ساخت ناپایگانی و براساس طرحواره‌های ذهنی این ساخت، از دیگر حروف‌ اضافه نیز بهعنوان افزودۀ میانی استفاده شده‌است.

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دانشگاه گیلان زبان فارسی و گویش‌های ایرانی 2476-6585 5 2 2020 09 22 An Analysis of The Constituent Order in Mamasani Lori From A Typological Point of View بررسی رده‌شناسی ترتیب سازه‌ها در گویش لری ممسنی 211 230 4797 10.22124/plid.2021.19503.1530 FA مریم محمدی دانشجوی دکتری زبان‌شناسی همگانی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد مرودشت، ایران 0000-0002-2630-5123 آمنه زارع استادیار زبان‌شناسی همگانی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد مرودشت، ایران محمدحسین شرف زاده استادیار زبان‌شناسی همگانی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد مرودشت، ایران Journal Article 2021 05 01 Typology of language deals with similarities and differences among different languages in the world. The current research aimed to study the typology of constituent order in Lori dialect of Mamasani as a south branch of Western Iranian languages in Fars province based on the framework of Greenberg (1963) and the revised framework of Dryer (1992). The methodology including qualitative and quantitative data were obtained employing face to face interview with 45 native speakers without considering their gender involving 65 hours of free speech and 45 questionnaires as well. The research shows that Mamasani Lori contains both VO versus OV criteria and manifests strongest type of VO typological properties in Eurasia and world languages. The results also indicated that despite the general similarities of this dialect with standard written Persian, there are some differences in terms of prepositions, structural elements, and the order of verbs and adverb of manner. Furthermore, it was portrayed that some prepositions have different morphemes that can appear both before and after the nouns. The research data also revealed that the prepositions and the adverbs of manner in Mamasani Lori can be located both before and after the verbs, an occupancy behavior which is different from standard written Persian. 1. Introduction In Language Typology, by examining linguistic similarities, researchers try to establish the universality of languages and, accordingly, provide the possibility of studying the main source of linguistic dispersion. One of the main features which received a considerable attention is the study of constituent order in languages. The aim of the present study is to describe the ordering categories of structures in Mamasani Lori, a Southwestern branch of Iranian languages in Fars province based on the 24 feature model of Dryer (1992). The purpose is to study the linguistic constructs and the position of the variable and the nucleus in relation to other linguistic features. In this regard, the questions of the present paper are as follows: a.“What kind of relationship does exist between different variables in Mamasani Lori?” and b. “Based on the under-studied typological features, what are the similarities between Persian and Mamasani Lori”? 2. Theoretical framework Extensive research has been performed on the typology of world languages, however, the initiator of this research field is rooted in the seminal work of Greenberg (1963). Language typology in which linguistic varieties are studied has devoted special attention to the study of prepositions. Dryer (1992), through a typological survey, introduces a new paradigm by encroaching on Greenberg's views, according to which the languages of the world are classified into different head initial and head final languages. So the authors of this study follow Dryer’s (1992) variable typology which is a modified and extensive form of Greenberg’s (1963) typological universals. Based on this framework and among five main variables, the relevant position of direct object, adjective, preposition, and genitive constructions are explored in this study. Based on Dryer’s view, if X and Y present correlation with the verb and direct object they are called paired variables. The pair can be in relation to the verb or the direct object. In head final language, it is observed that postpositions occur predominantly, whereas in head initial languages, prepositions occur predominantly. Dryer believes that there is a significant distinction between VO vs. OV languages. In VO languages, subject and object are usually located after the verb, while in OV they are located before the verb. This general rule is also valid for those languages which present both OV and VO word orders. 3. Methodology The statistical population of this study consist of people aged 32 to 101 years. The face-to-face interviews have been randomly carried out with 45 native people regardless of their gender and literacy in the form of 65 hours (3900 minutes) free speech. There were also 45 related questionnaires distributed. The questionnaire contains 330 sentences adopted from the work of Comrie (1981) to classify and compare the traces of world languages. The aforementioned questionnaire can be downloaded from the website of the Max Planck Leipzig Institute. The data were recorded alternately between the years 2016-2017 by one of the authors who is the resident of Mamasani and consequently were transcribed precisely by IPA (international phonetic alphabet). 4. Results & Discussions The data show that Mamsani Lori uses prepositions rather than postpositions. One of the postpositions is ra which is generally used in the form of a cliticized =a attached to the verb stem and the noun so that the other elements follow this clitic. Moreover, prepositions and postpositions can be used alternatively in Mamasani Lori in various positions before or after the verb. In complex sentences and clauses, the noun phrase is generally used before the relative clause and the genitive. Both the GEN-HEAD and the HEAD-GEN are common in Mamasani Lori. 5. Conclusions & Suggestions The data analysis shows that, regarding constituent order typology, Mamasani Lori cannot be placed in one single type. Rather, Mamasani Lori represents a split-behavior variety. For example, the prepositioned-type shows a great variety in Mamasani Lori, however, postpositions and prepositions are both used. The number of prepositions are much higher than the number of postpositions, and according to the prepositional component, it should be considered as a head initial language. However, despite the nature of prepositions as defined in the typological universals, these prepositions can be placed anywhere in the sentence namely before or after the verb in Mamasani Lori. Such a variable contradicts to the classification of Dryer typology because the head initial languages must have predominantly a preposition and the preposition must be placed after the verb. As for the other components, the position of the relative clause shows the same great variety, but mostly their position is after the verb. Other components of Dryer are predominantly in a more stable position in Mamasani Lori. Some prepositions in Mamasani Lori have different allomorphic features that can occur both before and after the noun, as well as the prepositional phrases which are mentioned both before and after the verb. The Adverb of Manner in Mamasani Lori is mentioned both before and after the verb, which is contrary to the standard Persian. It can finally be concluded that Mamasani Lori is in the process of changing due to the linguistic interfering of Persian as the standard and educational language of Iran. This is a result of importance for the researchers of Iranian languages. Select Bibliography Comrie, B. 1981. Language universals and Linguistic Typology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 96-108. Dabir-Moghaddam, M. 2012. Linguistic Typology: An Iranian perspective. Journal of Universal Language, 13(1), 31-70. Davari, Sh., & Koukabi, B. 2017. Affix and Clitic Ordering in Mazandarani Dialect: A Relevance Principle Account. Journal of Iranian Dialects Linguistics, 1(2), 45-72. [In Persian] Dryer, M.S. 1992. The Greenbergian word-order correlations. Language, 68, 81-138. Faghiri, P & Samvelian, P. 2020. Word order preferences and the effect of phrasal length in SOV languages: evidence from sentence production in Persian. Glossa: a journal of general linguistics.29-43.‏ Greenberg, J. 1963. Some universals of grammar with particular reference to the order of meaningful elements. In J. Greenberg, ed. Universals of Language. 73-113. Cambridge, MA-164-182.‏ Hawkins, J. A. 1983. Word order Universals. Academic Press, New York, London, Sydney. Lingua, 70(2-3), 191-197.‏ Safayi-Asl, E. 2015. A Typological study of word order in Persian language. Journal of Comparative linguistic studies. 163-184. [In Persian] Sharifi, Sh. 2004. A typological study of word order description and explanation in Contemporary Farsi. PhD dissertation. Iran: Ferdowsi university of Mashhad. 36-48. [In Persian] Vennemann, T. 1974. Theoretical Word Order Studies: results and problems. Paper zur lingistik, 7, 5-25 هدف پژوهش حاضر بررسی ترتیب و چینش سازه‌ها در گویش لری ممسنی از زبان‌های ایرانی جنوب غربی از منظر رده‌شناسی براساس الگوی گرینبرگ (۱۹۶۳) و الگوی اصلاح‌شده درایر (۱۹۹۲) است. داده‌های پژوهش به‌صورت کمی و کیفی از طریق مصاحبة حضوری با ۴۵ نفر از گویشوران بومی، بدون در نظر گرفتن جنسیت در قالب ۶۵ ساعت گفتار آزاد و ۴۵ پرسشنامه گردآوری ‌شد. تحلیل داده‌ها نشان داد که لری ممسنی در مقایسه با گروه زبان‌های اروپا-آسیا و همچنین در مقایسه با گروه زبان‌های جهان، به زبان‌های فعلمیانی قوی گرایش بیشتری دارد. این‌گونة زبانی با وجود شباهت بسیار در الگوی کلی ترتیب واژه با فارسی معیار درخصوص حروف اضافه و عناصر نحوی و توالی قید حالت و فعل تفاوتهایی با فارسی معیار و سایر داده‌های رده‌ای جهانی دارد. برخی از حروف اضافه در لری ممسنی دارای تکواژگونه‌های مختلفی هستند که قبل و بعد اسم واقع می‌شوند. همچنین گروه حرف‌ اضافه و قید حالت قبل و بعد از فعل واقع می‌شوند که مغایر با فارسی معیار است

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دانشگاه گیلان زبان فارسی و گویش‌های ایرانی 2476-6585 5 2 2020 09 22 Analyzing Linguistic and Stylistic Patterns of Forensic Discourse in Revolution Courts تحلیل نشانگرهای کلامی و سبکی در گفتمان حقوقی دادگاه‌های انقلاب 231 244 4691 10.22124/plid.2021.14336.1398 FA فرنگیس عباس زاده دانش آموخته دکتری زبان‌شناسی همگانی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد آبادان، ایران. بهمن گرجیان دانشیار زبان‌شناسی همگانی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد آبادان، ایران. الخاص ویسی دانشیار زبان‌شناسی همگانی، دانشگاه پیام نور تهران، ایران. Journal Article 2019 10 21 This study investigated the changes and deviations from linguistic and stylistic patterns of forensic discourse in Revolution Courts of the Islamic Republic of Iran. The research problem focused on the frequency and the percentage of verbal deviations in judges’ and the defendants' speech. The research tool was McMenamin’s (2002) linguistic and stylistic framework concerning the standard, prescriptive, and descriptive norms and the deviations from these norms in both judges’ and defendants’ speech. Data were collected through observing 45 court sessions among them 15 sessions were randomly selected based on systematic sampling method. The data were analyzed statistically through descriptive statistics. Data were divided into three categories of verbal norms: standard speech, changes of standard speech, and deviations from the norms. Findings indicated that using the standard and non-standard words have vital role in the defendants' speech. While the judges followed standard norms, the defendants changed or deviated from the norms more significantly than the judges did. The findings of the study suggest that analyzing court speeches can lead to the study of judges and defendants' linguistic and stylistic patterns correlated to their use of discourse. 1. Introduction Verbal and stylistic markers regulate interpersonal relationships (Hargie & Dickson, 2004)and the majority of members within the society adhere to it. According to McMenamin (2002), the patterns of discourse in the court are categorized into three linguistic and stylistic markers including prescriptive, descriptive and statistical norms. These indicators may be violated or performed by judges and defendants in Revolution Courts in Iran. For example, the sentence lotfan haqiqat ra be dâdgâ begin. 'Please, tell the truth to the court' is considered as standard norm in terms of prescriptive speech style. With respect statistical patterns in the court, up to 85 or 90 percent of speech frequency can be observed in the judges' speech. If the sentence haqiqat râ begin.'tell the truth!' is changed or deviated from benâl 'confess!' from the standard norm, it can be assumed that two categories from the standard pattern. If the sentence is changed, the style is informally descriptive. In the sentence, "He beating Mary." the speaker may violate linguistic markers and deviate from the standard norm of "He is beating Mary." The use of "He's beating Mary" could be the change in the standard norm. Deviation from discourse norms is considered prescriptively because it is ungrammatical in the court environment. On the other hand, it is odd the judge says the violated word or sentence with a low percentage (below 5%). The effect of stylistic markers on the observance of verbal norms and deviation from these rules and principles is the goal of this study. The present research also intends to examine judges’ and defendants’ discourse regarding observing, changing or deviating from prescriptive, descriptive and statistical norms. Comparing the frequency of these changes and deviations (Momeni, 2010) can show the practical nature of discourse in Iranian Revolution Courts (Biabani & Hadianfar, 2005). 2. Theoretical framework The aim of this study is to investigate judges’ and defendants’ linguistic and stylistic markers with regard to changing or deviating from speech norms in the Islamic Revolution Courts following McMenamin’s (2002) approach. He introduces three verbal patterns including prescriptive, descriptive and statistical norms in terms of standard, variation (i.e., changing) or deviation (i.e., ungrammaticality) and their sub-categories. For example, the phrase "Water am drinking." is considered as a standard variation in terms of observing prescriptive norm. But the statement,” Water I'm drinking. "can be a change in the norm; however, it is understandable. If the sentence is not comprehensible linguistically (e.g., drink my water), it is reagrded as the violation in the speech norms. 3. Methodology The reasrerch design of the present study is based on descriptive method and the corpus was 45 sessions in Revolution Courts. The video files were randomly selected among the pool of data that were broadcasted on TV or on the Internet. Two experts in linguistics for the sake of reliability and validity indices prescribed recorded videos. These trials included the outstanding court sessiosns that are recently performed in Iran. They are the trial of Akbar Tabari (former executive deputy of the Judiciary for receiving bribes), Fazel Khodadad (economic acusation and the embezzler of 123 billion Tomans), Babak Zanjani (embezzlement), Gholamhossein Karbaschi (the former mayor of Tehran accused for embezzlement), etc. For validity of identifying and analyzing the types of discourse patterns and verbal and stylistic markers in judges’ and defendants’ conversations, two linguists matched the sentences with a video file with 95% validity. There was an agreement on how to implement and identify linguistic and stylistic markers in judges’ and defendants' speech. Finally, 2230 sentences of the judges and 2270 sentences of the defendants were analyzed. Descriptive and inferential statistics including means, percentage, frequency, and independent samples t-test were implemented. 4. Results & Discussion Findings revealed the judges observed descriptive norms more than the defendants concerned with the prescriptive norms. Results indicated that the judges used more socially accepted descriptive patterns.Defendants tried to maintain their social status by using standard language or close to it. The judges frequently asked the defendants through standard linguistic and stylistic norms but the defendants violated or changed the standard norms. For instance, the judge asked, čerâ ân âqâ be šomâ yek âpârtmânčand milyuni dâd? ‘Why did that person give you a multi-billion apartment?’ Mr. Tabari as the defendant replies; čon man ro dus dâšt. šomâ dus nadârid? ‘Because this gentleman loved me. Don’t you like it?’ This can be regarded as the deviation in stylistic norms in terms of power because the defendants thought he was in a position to ask questions in the court. He did not follow the standard speech and continued,če bâyad manbekonam? in barâ dostiye. ‘What should I do? That’s due to Friendship.’ The defendants' speech was full of deviations in descriptive norms. Here, Tabari compared himself with the judge and stated that he had friends who could give him the whole Lavasan property as a gift. This power is completely diminished in front of the judge when the judge did not say anything, made a sarcastic smile and only said čerâ? ‘why?’ which indicated the deviation from the standard norm in prescriptive pattern. This can be seen in the words of most of the defendants who believe that they can justify themselves with money, bribes, and so on. 5. Conclusion and Suggestions The results showed that the use of linguistic and stylistic markers play a decisive role in judges’ and defendants’ individual and social status. Considering power in legal discourse, we studied different dimensions of standard, changes and deviations from the speech norms among the judges and defendants. Members of a social group can expand their ideas and cultural heritage through communication and attempt to preserve it. The defendants used more changed and violated instances than the judges did. Further research is needed to uncover the changes and violations from the lawyers' speech or interrogators in the courts. Implications of the study for forensic researchers and the students of law could be beneficial. Training centers for judges and lawyers can use linguistic and stylistic markers affecting their speech in Revolution Courts. Select Bibliography Biabani, Gh., & Hadianfar, S, K. 2005. Descriptive dictionary of criminal sciences. Tehran: Tavil Publication. [In Persian]. Hargie, O. S., & Dickson, D.2004. Skilled interpersonal communication: Research theory and practice. New York: Routledge. McMenamin, G. 2002. Forensic linguistics: Advances in forensic stylistics. London: CRC Press. Momeni, N. 2010. Forensic linguistics: the study of testimony in court according to linguistic characteristics. Detective Magazine, 3 (10), 60−83. [In Persian]. هدف این تحقیق بررسی تأثیر عوامل کلامی و سبکی گفتمان حقوقی در انحراف از نشانگرهای کلامی و سبکی در دادگاه‌های انقلاب با رویکرد مک منامین است. داده‌های تحقیق، حاصل 15 جلسه دهدقیقه‌ای از دادگاههای انقلاب در ده سال اخیر بود که با روش نمونه‌گیری تصادفی منظم انتخاب گردید. داده‌ها به روش آمار توصیفی تجزیه و تحلیل شد و بسامد تغییر و انحراف از این نشانگرها با توجه به الگوهای گفتمانی دادگاه به سه دسته از هنجارهای تجویزی، توصیفی و آماری طبقه‌بندی شد. نتایج نشان داد که کاربرد نشانگرها نقشی تعیینکننده در جایگاه فردی و اجتماعی قاضی و متهم ایفا می‌کند. رعایت نکردن الگوهای گفتمانی توصیفی، تجویزی و آماری در متهمان بیشتر از قضات بود و تفاوت معنی‌داری بین قضات و متهمان در تغییر کلام معیار در هر سه الگوی گفتمانی وجود داشت، ولی در مقایسه با یکدیگر تفاوتی معنیدار در رعایت کلام معیار و انحراف از نشانگرهای کلامی و سبکی مشاهده نشد. انحراف از هنجارها در دو طرف مشاهدۀ محسوسی نداشت. کاربرد این مطالعه از لحاظ زبان‌شناسی حقوقی به روند مؤثر فرایند دادرسی و تشخیص تأثیرگذاری کلام شرکتکنندگان در دادرسی کمک می‌کند. نیز یافته‌های این پژوهش در آموزش و تربیت قضات، وکلا و نمایندگان دادستان نیز مفید است.

https://zaban.guilan.ac.ir/article_4691_fed6cfa41f442809e40485ed1c08ee3b.pdf

دانشگاه گیلان زبان فارسی و گویش‌های ایرانی 2476-6585 5 2 2020 09 22 The Pronunciation Effect of Persian Language on Mazandarani Language (Saravi Variety) تأثیر تلفظی زبان فارسی بر زبان مازندرانی (گونۀ ساروی) 245 263 4349 10.22124/plid.2020.15042.1423 FA محسن جعفرزاده کرچنکی دانشجوی دکتری زبان‌شناسی همگانی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد قائم‌شهر، ایران حسین قاسمی استادیار زبان‌شناسی همگانی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد قائم‌شهر، ایران مراد باقرزاده کاسمانی استادیار زبان انگلیسی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد چالوس، ایران. Journal Article 2019 11 29 The study of language in the social context as well as the influence of language on another language has always been of interest to sociolinguistics. In this study, the effect of phonetics and phonology of Persian language on Mazandarani (Saravi variety) has been investigated. The present study is a descriptive-analytical field study that describes and analyzes data to investigate the effect of phonetic and phonology of Persian language as an independent variable (and the effect of social factors of age and geographical area as a moderating variable) on Mazandarani as a dependent variable. In this study, questionnaire, interviews and audio recordings were used and the participants included different age groups of girls and boys ages 14-18 (youth), women and men between 30-40 years (middle age) and over 50 years (adults). They were classified randomly from urban and rural areas of Sari. The results show that the Mazandarani language is about to change and become Persianized by interfering with processes such as analogy and overgeneralization in different rural and urban generations. The present study can be used by sociolinguistics and language planners to provide a new analytical horizon for language development and change. 1. Introduction The dominance of Persian over other local languages has led to changes in the culture of Mazandarani people. In this study, considering the developments of literacy and teaching Persian, media and development of communication and tourism, and the neighbor hood of Tehran, Persian impacts on Mazandarani pronunciation of Saravi variety. Two Japanese researchers called Navata (1984) and Yoshie (1996) did surveys titled " Mazandarani " and another as "Sari dialect" . The Saravi dialect was written " by Shukri (1995). Another research was done about the structural analysis of Mazandarani verbs by Samare (1988). Amouzadeh (2002) studied and explained the cultural and social aspects that play a role in the decline of the Mazandarani languageAnalogy and overgeneralization are the processes that have been studied in this research as influential factors on the Mazandarani language. 2. Theoretical framework Theoretical framework of this research is Critical Applied Linguistics based on the newfound approach of Cook (1990). The main objective in this study is a description of the process of changing the characteristics of phonetic - phonological of Mazandarani Saravi variety from the perspective of the change of language by comparing urban and rural speakers speech in different age with standard and colloquial of Persian language. 3. Methodology This research is a field study, data analysis and description of the available facts, it surveyed the effect of pronunciation of Persian on the Mazandarani language as a dependent variable by some social factors as moderating variables. Questionnaire and interview were used to collect data . Participants included girls and boys in the age groups of 14-18 years (youth) and age groups of 30-40 years (middle-aged) and over 50 years (adults) who were randomly selected from urban and rural areas of Sari. 4. Results & Discussion In the original phonetic system of Mazandarani (Sarvai variety), the number of consonants is 22 and the number of vowels is 7 and the difference with Persian was due to the phoneme / ʒ / . One of the phonetic differences between the urban and rural consonants of Mazandarani is labialization feature of consonants: / x, k, g / [ x w , k w , g w ]> [x, k, g] . The lack of labialization feature in pronunciation urban Saravi is due to the influence of Persian. Elimination of this feature in the young rural generation is expressed in moderate forms, which indicates a gradual change. The deletion of /h/ and /ʔ/ consonants has occurred in terms of the ease of Persian language in the urban and rural Saravi variety by analogy. Parts of speech in Mazandarani were increasingly borrowed from Persian. For example, adjectives are used before nouns in Mazandarani and after nouns in Persiam. When borrowed adjectives are used in Mazandarani, the order of words usually changes as in Persian. Young urban Saravi speakers sometimes change verb roots by producing a new infinitive to be under the influence of interference of Persian. The change of /o/ in be-ʃno- ‘hear’to /e/ in be-ʃne- which young people think has become Mazandarani, is an example of the overgeneralization of the root of the verb, because in many cases the young Sarvai speakers are less fluent in Mazandarani. They change /a/ and /o/ to /e/ to make the words look like Mazandarani, which is a possible result of comparison with a pair of words in two languages, and another possibility could be the result of the influence of Persian because ʃenid ‘heard’ has a vowel /e/. Moreover, the urban young and middle aged speakers are doing innovation between the two infinitives in two languages, without any historical connection. In this case, a similar process occurs in which the verb prefix and the identifier are added to the root of the Persian verb. There are some cases where young urban speakers use overgeneralization process such as : /pɛːdɒ/ in the speech of rural speakers - /pidɒ/ in the speech of urban speakers and /peidɒ / in Persian which means ‘visible’. Urban speakers often use Persian subject pronouns instead of Mazandarani subject pronouns for all persons. The data show that urban speakers used the plural reference pronouns of colloquial Persian rather than Mazandarani subject pronouns. 5. Conclusions & Suggestions In the field of phonology, / ʒ/, as a result of lexical borrowing items is borrowed from Persian and is added to urban Mazandarani consonants Labial consonants are recognized as non-prestigious signs of rural Mazandarani variety. In the evolution of the parts of speech, the verbs have undergone several changes. Other parts of speech such as nouns, pronouns, adjectives, and adverbs have also been influenced by Persian so that the effects and the entry of these words have caused many local words of Mazandarani to be disappeared. Rural adults have almost regular system without any variability or any influence of Persian in comparison with other groups. As we compare younger age groups with the older age groups and urban speakers with the rural ones, we face with a scale which implies that if the rural adult speaker, mainly uses a distinguished feature of Persian or semi-Persian, it demonstrates that the other age groups do certainly use the same features. This pronunciation analysis proves that Mazandarani is strongly influenced by Tehrani colloquial Persian. A possible cause is that the people whose native language is not Persian try to imitate Persian variety of Tehran that bears a higher social status. It is predicated that Saravi variety of Mazandarani in urban areas is in the risk of complete disappearance regarding the gradual change of Mazandarani to a higher social status which was also proved through the results of Bashirnezhad(2000),Shahidi(2008). This study can be used by sociolinguists and language planners to open a new analytical perspective on the development and change of the language. Select Bibliography Aghagolzadeh, F. 2015. Mazandarani Language (Tabari):A Linguistic Description (Field Work-Linguistic Atlas). Tehran: Elmi Publishing Center of Tarbiat Modares University,78. [In Persian] Dabir Moghaddam, M. 2008. Language, Variety, Dialect and Accent: Indigenous and Global Applications. Journal of Literary Studies, No. 5, pp. 128-91. [In Persian] Davari, H. 2015. Critical Applied Linguistics: An Interdisciplinary Approach to Critique and Evaluation of the Branches of Applied Linguistics. Tehran: Quarterly Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies in Humanities, Volume 7, (No.4): 151-129. [In Persian] Fasold, R.1991. The Sociolinguistics of Language. Oxford: Blackwell. Kordzaferanlo Cambozia, A. 2013. Phonology of foundation rule approaches. Tehran: Samt. [In Persian] Pennycook, A., 2001. Critical Applied Linguistics: A Critical Introduction. Mahawah, NI:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Safari, A. 2016. Description and analysis of the phonological processes of the Gaelic dialect: an optimization approach. Linguistic inquiries". Volume 7, No. 2 (30 consecutive), June and July 2016. P. 147. [In Persian] Shahidi, Minoo.2008. A Sociolinguistic study of Language Shift in Mazandarani. Uppsala Universitet.Sweden. Trudgill, P.1986. Dialects in Contact. Oxford: Blackwell. Zakeri, M. 2018. Signs of class shift in Mazandarani language and its consequences. Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Iranian Linguistics. Tehran: Allameh Tabatabaei University Press, 303-318. [In Persian] پژوهش حاضر مطالعه‌ای میدانی از نوع توصیفی-تحلیلی است که ضمن توصیف و تحلیل داده‌ها به بررسی تأثیر آوایی و واجی زبان فارسی و بررسی تأثیر عوامل اجتماعی سن و منطقه جغرافیایی بر مازندرانی پرداخته‌است. در پژوهش حاضر، از ابزار پرسش‌نامه، مصاحبه و ضبط صدا استفاده شده‌است. نمونۀ آماری از گروه‌های سنی مختلف از بین دختران و پسران 14-18 سال (جوانان)، زنان و مردان بین 30-40 سال (میان‌سالان) و بالای50 سال (بزرگ‌سالان) هستند که از مناطق شهری و روستایی ساری به روش تصادفی انتخاب شده‌اند. نتایج نشان داده‌است که زبان مازندرانی، با دخالت فرایندهایی چون قیاس و تعمیم افراطی در نسلهای مختلف روستایی و فارسی در شرف تغییر و فارسیشدگی است. تحقیق حاضر افق تحلیلی جدیدی را دربارۀ تحول و تغییرات زبانی بازمینماید و جامعه‌شناسان زبان و برنامه‌ریزان زبان می‌توانند از آن استفاده کنند.

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