دانشگاه گیلان زبان فارسی و گویش‌های ایرانی 2476-6585 8 2 2024 01 21 Backronym Creation and Poetic Etymology (Introduction and Description of Two New Artistic Devices) سرنام‌پنداری و ریشه‌شناسی شاعرانه (معرفی و توصیف دو هنرسازۀ تازه) 7 22 7996 10.22124/plid.2024.27229.1669 FA منوچهر فروزنده فرد دانشجوی دکتری زبان و ادبیات فارسی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران. علی جهانشاهی افشار دانشیار زبان و ادبیات فارسی، دانشگاه شهید باهنر کرمان، کرمان، ایران Journal Article 2024 04 15 This article tries to describe two artistic devices which have not been paid attention yet. In the first device, i.e. backronym, the poet/ writer considers each phoneme/ grapheme of a simple word as an initial phoneme/ grapheme of another word, so that a simple word is considered as an acronym. This process adds some secondary meanings to the central meaning of the word which do not exist in its root and structure. In the second device, i.e. poetic etymology (or etymological deviation), the poet/ writer forges an etymology to impose one’s desired meaning to the word. In spite of folk etymology, etymological deviation is a conscious and artistic process. Extended abstract 1.Introduction In classical texts, especially mystical ones, we occasionally encounter terms perceived as acronyms of several other terms. For instance, taṣawwuf (spelled as tṣwf) “sufism” has been viewed as an acronym for tawba “repentance”, ṣidq “honesty”, waraʿ “piety”, and fanāʾ “annihilation”. This process can be termed “backronym creation.” The first part of this article addresses this process. The second part is dedicated to poetic etymology or etymological deviation, where a poet or writer, despite knowing the true origins of words, creatively attributes common roots to unrelated words within a poetic context. 2.Theoretical Framework In this research, we deal with two main processes, i. e. backronym creation and poetic etymology, which are defined linguistically and compared to each other as well as being discussed and analyzed using various examples from different texts. 3.Methodology The data collection method of this article is library method and the authors' research method is descriptive and analytical. 4.Discussion 4.1. The First Artistic Device: Backronym Creation Acronym creation is a process where a new word is formed by combining the initial graphemes or phonemes of the component words of a phrase, producing a pronounceable word (cf. Bauer, 1996: 237-238; Matthews, 2011: s.v. acronym), such as ISBN, which stands for International Standard Book Number. Conversely, there is another linguistic process, termed “backronym creation,” wherein a creative language user (who is usually a poet or writer) perceives a simple word as an acronym, thereby adding secondary meanings to its original sense. Consider the following example: Thus, when they found that the word taṣawwuf (spelled as tṣwf, “sufism”) consists of four letters, they judged that each letter indicates a position among these four: the ‘t’ stands for tawba (“repentance”), the ‘s’ stands for ṣidq (“honesty”), the ‘w’ stands for waraʿ (“piety”), and the ‘f’ stands for fanāʾ (“annihilation”) (Yawāqīt al-ʿUlūm wa Darārī al-Nujūm, 1345/1966: 69). The writer here perceives taṣawwuf, a simple word, as an acronym and thus creates an artistic phrase. 4.2. The Second Artistic Device: Poetic Etymology Etymology is a branch of linguistics dedicated to studying the origins, history, and transformations in form and meaning of words. Various types of etymology include scientific etymology, pseudo-scientific etymology, and popular etymology. Scientific etymology adheres to linguistic principles, particularly historical linguistics. Due to its complexity, some enthusiasts resort to pseudo-scientific etymology based on their limited scholarly capacity. Popular etymology usually involves confusing similar-sounding words (ibid.; O’Grady et al., 2001: 335; Matthews, 2011: s.v. popular etymology). This non-scientific effort by laypeople attempts to link the sound and meaning of a word using personal inference rather than linguistic rules. Not only laypeople but also many educated individuals and even some lexicographers sometimes fall into this trap (Bateni, 1385/2006: 142-143). Post-Islamic Persian writers, driven by personal interest, have endeavored to trace and understand Persian words. However, their lack of linguistic knowledge often led them astray. Boroumand-Saeid (1383/2004: 10-17) provides examples of popular etymology (see also Minovi, 1330/1951; Zakeri, 1372/1993; idem, 2005). Folk etymology is also observed in classical texts. A famous example is the etymology given for the word Rustam in the Shahnameh: birastam biguftā γam āmad ba sar / nihādand Rustam-š nām-i pisar [She said, ‘I was relieved (berastam) from sorrow.’/ They named the boy Rustam] (Ferdowsi, 2017: 1/268). As seen, popular etymology arises from ignorance without an intention to create beauty, while poets and writers sometimes deliberately engage in etymology. We term this “poetic etymology.” Consider the following example: Extelâs (“embezzlement”): […] Opinions on the naming of this word vary. […] Another group derives extelâs from extelâl-e havâs (“mental disturbance”) and thus exempts embezzlers from punishment due to this. Poem: ‘Extelâs (“embezzlement”) comes from extelâl-e havâs (“mental disturbance”), O friend, / For a sane person would not engage in such a deed.’ (Tavallali, 1348/1969: 274). It should be noted that various types of etymology lie on a continuum from scientific to popular etymology, and sometimes distinguishing the exact type requires further research. 4.3. Common Features of Backronym Creation and Poetic Etymology In both artistic devices discussed in this article, the poet or writer imposes their intended meaning onto the root and structure of a word. Additionally, other similarities between these processes are as follows: Transparency: In both processes, a simple and opaque word is transformed into a non-simple word or an acronym, thereby making its meaning transparent. Deviation: Deviation is the departure from the rules governing the standard language and non-conformity with conventional language (Safavi, 1381/2002: 1445; for types of deviation, see Leech, 1969: 42ff.). Given that deviation occurs at various language levels, the authors propose that poetic etymology can be termed etymological deviation. Similarly, backronym creation can be seen as a form of morphological deviation. Aetiologia: In the artistic device of aetiologia (in Persian: Ḥusn-e Taʿlīl, lit. elegance in assigning a cause), a poet provides an artistic justification for a scientific phenomenon. If we consider the derivation and etymology of words a scientific phenomenon, backronym creation and poetic etymology also offer artistic justifications for word derivation and etymology. 5.Conclusion The two artistic devices introduced in this article share a similarity: in both, an intended meaning is imposed onto the structure of a word that does not originally possess it, and this process occurs consciously and artistically. In backronym creation, a simple word is perceived as an acronym for several words, thereby absorbing their meanings. In etymological deviation, an alternative root is intentionally attributed to a word, a root that conveys the poet’s or writer's intended meaning. Select Bibliography Academy of Persian Language and Literature, A Collection of Linguistic Terms, Tehran, Academy of Persian Language and Literature. 2018. [in Persian] Bateni, Mohammad-Reza,”Opaque and Transparent Words: A Discussion in Semantics,” On Language, 4th ed., Tehran, Agah, 2006; 117-147. [in Persian] Bauer, L. English Word Formation, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. 1996. Boroumand-Saeid, Javad, "Folk Etymology,” Etymology and Derivation in Persian Language, Kerman, Shahid Bahonar University, 2004; 9-17. [in Persian] Ferdowsi, Abul-Qasim. Shahnameh, edited by Djalal Khaleghi-Motlagh, 8 vols. (with the cooperation of Mahmud Omidsalar for vol. 6 and Abolfazl Khatibi for vol. 7), 6th ed., Tehran, Center for the Great Islamic Encyclopedia. 2017. [in Persian] Leech, G. N. A Linguistic Guide to English Poetry, London and New York, Longman. 1969. Matthews, P. H. The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Linguistics, 2nd ed., Oxford, Oxford University Press. 2011. Minovi, Mojtaba. "Madness and Its Many Forms: 2. Appellation and Etymology,” Yaghma, 4(9): 385-396. [in Persian] O'Grady, W. et al. Contemporary Linguistics: An Introduction, London, Longman. 2001. Safavi, Kourosh. "Deviation,” Persian Literary Encyclopedia (Encyclopedia of Persian Literature), Vol. 2, 2nd ed., Tehran, Organization for Printing and Publishing, Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance, 2002; 1445-1446.. [in Persian] Tavallali, Fereydoun. At-Tafāṣīl, 3rd ed., Shiraz, Kānoun-e Tarbiyat. 1969. [in Persian] Yawāqīt al-ʿUlūm wa Darārī al-Nujūm. edited by Mohammad-Taqi Daneshpazhouh, Tehran, Bonyad-e Farhang-e Iran. 1966. [in Persian] Zakeri, Mostafa. "Folk Etymology and Fancy Word-Formation,” Proceedings of the Seminar on Persian Language and the Language of Science, edited by Ali Kafi, Tehran, Markaz-e Nashr-e Daneshgahi, 1993; 372-435. [in Persian] Zakeri, Mostafa. “Pseudo-scientific Etymology,” Iranian Studies Research (Mahmud Afshar Memorial), Vol. 15 (Sotudeh Memorial 1), edited by Iraj Afshar with the cooperation of Karim Esfahaniyan and Mohammad-Rasul Daryagasht, Tehran, Bonyad-e Mowqufat-e Doktor Mahmud-e Afshar, 2005; 392-417. [in Persian] دربارۀ انواع هنرسازه‌ها در آثار ادبی گوناگون نوشته‌های بسیاری به چاپ رسیده‌است، اما ازآنجاکه هنر و هنرسازه‌ها را نمی‌توان محدود کرد، پژوهشگر ادبی هنوز هم می‌تواند انواع دیگری از این ابزارها را کشف و توصیف کند. نگارندگان در این نوشتار کوشیده‌اند به دو هنرسازه بپردازند که ظاهرا تاکنون توجه ادب‌پژوهان را به خود جلب نکرده‌اند. این دو ابزار عبارت‌اند از سَرنام‌پنداری و ریشه‌شناسی شاعرانه. در سرنام‌پنداری (تسامحا سرواژه‌پنداری)، شاعر/ نویسنده می‌کوشد هر یک از واج‌ها یا تک‌نگاره‌های یک واژه‌‌ را واج یا تک‌نگارۀ آغازینِ واژه‌ای دیگر بپندارد و با این کار واژۀ بسیط را سرنام تلقی کند. درواقع با این حسن تعلیل، به‌صورتی هنری معانی دیگری به معنای اصلی واژه افزوده می‌شود که در ساختمان و ریشۀ آن واژه وجود ندارد. در ریشه‌شناسی شاعرانه (هنجارگریزی ریشه‌شناختی)، شاعر/ نویسنده برای واژه ریشه‌ای می‌سازد تا معنای موردنظر خود را بدان واژه تحمیل کند. برخلاف ریشه‌شناسی عامیانه، ریشه‌شناسی شاعرانه کاملا آگاهانه است. اطلاعات این مقاله به روش کتابخانه‌ای گردآوری شده و روش تحقیق نگارندگان توصیفی ـ تحلیلی است.

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دانشگاه گیلان زبان فارسی و گویش‌های ایرانی 2476-6585 8 2 2024 01 21 Extension of The Meaning and Physical Context of Vehicle Terms to Everyday Persian Vocabulary And Vice versa بررسی گسترش معنا و بافت کاربردی واژه‌ها و اصطلاح‌ها به/ از حوزۀ خودرو در گونۀ گفتاری زبان فارسی 23 49 7998 10.22124/plid.2024.27901.1678 FA بشیر جم دانشیار زبان‌شناسی، گروه زبان انگلیسی دانشگاه شهرکرد، شهرکرد، ایران. Journal Article 2024 07 08 Many Persian terms and expressions realated to vehicles have undergone extension of the meaning and physical context. The corpus under study includes vehicle terms that have entered Persian vocabulary as well as common words and expressions that have been added to vehicle terms through extension of the meaning and physical context. Identifying whether a word or an expression has undergone extension of meaning and physical context is based on the linguistic intuition of the author as a native speaker of Persian. This research presents several examples and discusses them within the framework of Relevance theory (Sperber & Wilson, 1986). In line with this theory, there exists a combination of knowledge, experiences and shared background information about vehicle-realated terms in the mind of every Persian speaker. Using this combination, not only Persian speakers are aware of their original meanings and physical contexts but also they have access to their extended meanings and/ or physical contexts. In accordance with the Relevance theory, when a Persian speaker hears a vehicle-realated term, s/he considers the physical context to evaluate it and then matches it with her/his background knowledge in order to figure out if the speaker intended its original meaning or its extended meaning. Extended abstract 1.Introduction Transportation is an effective and inseperable part of human life. It has always been the reason for creating many words, idioms and proverbs in Persian. Its effect has been so great that vehicles and their features have been used to describe some of the features of human body and behavior. There are also some common Persian words and expressions that have been added to vehicle terms through extension of the meaning and physical context. The present study aimed to address the following research questions: Which common Persian words and expressions have been added to vehicle terms through the extension of the meaning and physical context? Which vehicle-realated terms have been added to the Persian vocabulary through the extension of the meaning and physical context? What are the reasons of this word and expression exchange? 2.Theoretical framework The theoretical framework of this paper is the Relevance theory (Sperber & Wilson, 1986). In fact this theory is the extended modle of Grice’s maxim of relation as one of the cooperative principles. According to Luchjenbroers (1989: 1), Grice’s theory is speaker-oriented while Sperber & Wilson’s theory is listener-oriented. According to the relevance theory, relevance means that the listener expects the speaker to do their best to create a message which is as relevent as possible. And the listener receives and interprets the message with the same expection. The more contextual information in the message, the more relevent it is; and the existance of more relevent message requires less mental effort by the listener. Sperber & Wilson (1986) argue that human is evolved to look for the most relevent information. In accordance with this theory, there exists a combination of knowledge, experiences and shared background information in the mind of every speaker. When the listener hears the speaker’s message, s/he considers the physical context to evaluate it and then matches it with her/his background knowledge in order to figure out its meaning. 3.Methodology This research primarily aimed at addressing the extension of the meaning and physical context of vehicle terms to common Persian vocabulary and vice versa. Then, it discussed these words and expressions within the framework of Relevance theory (Sperber & Wilson, 1986). They were collected using dictionaries, internet search, car classified ads, the experieces of the present reseacher in dealing with mechanics, drivers, and petrolheads as well as his own vocabulary knowledge. Identifying whether a word or an expression has undergone extension of meaning and physical context is based on the linguistic intuition of the author as a native speaker of Persian. The corpus under study includes vehicle terms that have entered Persian vocabulary as well as common words and expressions that have been added to vehicle terms through extension of the meaning and physical context. 4.Results & Discussion In response to the first and second research questions, it should be stated that almost all the Persian words and expressions that have been added to vehicle terms through extension of the meaning and physical context and those vehicle-realated terms that have been added likewise to the Persian vocabulary were introduced. In response to the third research question “What is the reason of this word and expression exchange?”, it should be stated that the analysis of these exchanges indicated that different semantic changes, extension of the physical context, and metaphorical extention occur due to the similarity between the function and behavior of vehicles and humans as well as the similarity between the appearance of some vehicle parts and the features of human body and life style. The possessor-possessee relation as a type of metonymy is one reason for the extension of vehicle-realated terms to the Persian vocabulary, while metaphorical extention is a reason for the addition of Persian vocabulary to vehicle terms. 5.Conclusions & Suggestions Using their shared background knowledge about vehicle-realated terms, Persian speakers not only are aware of their original meanings and physical contexts but also they have access to their extended meanings and/ or physical contexts. According to the Relevance theory, when a Persian speaker hears a vehicle-realated term, s/he considers the physical context to evaluate it and then matches it with her/his background knowledge in order to figure out if the speaker intended its original meaning or its extended meaning. Select Bibliography Evans, V. How Words Mean: Lexical Concepts, Cognitive Models, and Meaning Construction. Oxford University Press. 2009. Galiñanes, C. L. Relevance theory, Humor and the narrative structure of humorous novels. Revista Alicantina de Estudios Ingleses. Vol.13. 2000. Grice, H. P. ‘Logic and conversation’, William James Lectures, Harvard.1967. Published in Grice 1989, 1–143. Grice, H.P. "Further Notes on Logic and Conversation," Syntax and Semantics, 1978. vol.9 edited by P. Cole, Academic Press. Reprinted as ch.3 of Grice 1989, 41–57. Hurford, J. R. & Heaslry, B. Semantics: A Coursebook. 2nd edition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1996. Jam, B. Extension of the Meaning and Physical Context of Religious words and Expressions in Spoken Persian: A Relevance-Theoretic Analysis. Journal of Linguistics & Khorasan Dialects Biannual, 2022; 4(24): 81. pp. 55-81. [In Persian]. Luchjenbroers, J. Relevance Theory and Context Selection. La Trobe Papers in Linguistics (Vol. 2). 1989. Safavi, K. Which meaning? Journal of Linguage Science. 2013; 1(1): 11-40. [In Persian]. Sperber, D., and Wilson, D. (1986). Relevance: Communication and Cognition. Oxford: Blackwell. Second edition with a new postface, 1995. Stalnaker, R. Pragmatics. Synthese. 1970: 22: 272–289. ‌واژه‌ها و اصطلاح‌های بسیاری دربارۀ حوزۀ خودرو دستخوش انواع گسترش معنا یا گسترش بافت کاربردی شده‌اند. پیکرۀ زبانی این پژوهش مجموعۀ واژه‌ها و اصطلاح‌هایی است که با تغییر معنا یا گسترش بافت کاربردی به حوزۀ خودرو راه یافته‌ یا از حوزۀ خودرو به گنجینۀ واژگان زبان فارسی افزوده شده‌است. هدف اصلی این پژوهش توصیفی- تحلیلی ارائه و تعریف این واژه‌هاست. سپس به چگونگی رخداد این تغییرها و گسترش‌ها با بهره‌گیری از نظریۀ «ربط» اسپربر و ویلسون پرداخته شده‌است. طبق نتایج گویشوران زبان فارسی با توجه به دانش‌‌ها، تجربه‌ها و اطلاعات زمینه‌ای مشترکشان هم معنای اولیۀ این دست واژه‌ها و اصطلاح‌ها را می‌دانند، هم به معانی و کاربرد گسترش‌یافتۀ آنها دسترسی دارند. مطابق نظریۀ «ربط» هنگامی‌که شنونده واژه‌ یا اصطلاحی دربارۀ حوزۀ خودرو دریافت می‌کند، با در نظر گرفتن بافت موقعیت، آن را با اطلاعات زمینه‌ای خود می‌سنجد و تطبیق می‌دهد و سرانجام درک می‌کند منظور گوینده معنی اولیۀ آن واژه‌ و اصطلاح، یا معنی گسترش‌یافتۀ آن است. دلیل این بده‌بستان واژه‌ها و اصطلاح‌ها جدایی‌ناپذیری حوزۀ ترابری از زندگی انسان و بهره‌ بردن از ویژگی‌های خودرو در توصیف برخی از ویژگی‌های بدن و رفتار انسان است.

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دانشگاه گیلان زبان فارسی و گویش‌های ایرانی 2476-6585 8 2 2024 01 21 Critical Analysis of “Aghɑdɑr” and “Fokhos” Written by Sheevan Foumani in Accordance with the Discursive Features and Valued Signifiers تحلیل انتقادی منظومه‌های «آقادار» و «فوخوس» شیون فومنی براساس ویژگی‌های گفتمانی و دال‌های ارزشی 51 78 7988 10.22124/plid.2024.27811.1677 FA فیروز فاضلی دانشیار زبان و ادبیات فارسی، دانشکدۀ علوم انسانی، دانشگاه گیلان، رشت، ایران احمد نیکدل کلاشمی دانشجوی دکتری زبان‌شناسی همگانی، پژوهشگاه علوم انسانی و مطالعات فرهنگی، تهران، ایران. Journal Article 2024 07 01 The symbolic poetries of Sheevan Foumani are full of valued systematic discursive signifiers of the poet. In the two poetries of Aghɑdɑr and Fokhos, different types of symbols are used to highlight the discourses. In the aforementioned poetries, the diversities of discourses that are benefitted from valued signifiers, stimulate the researchers to achieve the wide variety of conceptual view by explaining the discursive features of these poetries. To achieve this, the model of Laclau and Mouffe is suggested to evaluate the valued signifiers of discursive features. In accordance with the textual data of two poetries, the valued systematic signifiers were identified by using qualitative methods. By implementing critical model on the two poetries, the results of the research represented that the poetry of Aghɑdɑr uses the two subsidiary ecological and humanitarian discourse in addition to the five discursive features. Moreover, any parts of the poetries were accompanied by the specific discourse. Also, various types of nodal points which were based on the characters of the poetry and the floating signifiers of each of characters were identified. Furthermore, by investigating the two poetries of Fokhos and Aghɑdɑr, the two central nodal points were identified which are ordinarily nightmares and shadblow. The central nodal point of Fokhos poetry has one signified; while the central nodal point of Aghɑdɑr poetry has two signified in the view of two main characters of the poetry. Extended abstract 1.Introduction Ahmad Fakhri Nežad, with the pseudonym of Sheevan Foumani (1325-1377), is one of the Gilaki poets that his converse-based poetries are well-known in various social, cultural, ethnological, and political issues. He uses different types of symbols to direct the discursive contents. These symbols which are the representative of the social groups, are abstracted as the signifiers. The saliency of different types of valued signifiers in two elected poetries of Fokhos and Aghɑdar, led the researchers of this paper to investigate different types of signifiers in two poetries by using discursive features and contents. 2.Theoretical framework The theory of Laclau and Mouffe, is based on the approach of Michel Foucault that can be used as an interesting and practical theory for analyzing and explaining social and political subjects. This theory has two dimensions: semantic and political dimensions. The semantic theory of Laclau and Mouffe includes the fundamental concepts of sign and signified, articulation, valued signifiers, elements, moments, field of discursivity, marginalization, deconstruction, myth, closure, hegemony, conflicts, and adversary. Also, in this paper the dimensions of the model on the literary works were significant. Therefore, extending the practical domain of each concept to the poetries via the model of Laclau and Mouffe is possible. 3.Methodology The method of the current research is descriptive-analytical. The data are collected, based on the library research, from the poetries of Sheevan Foumani. The examined data are the poems of the two poetries investigated in qualitative analysis. The main aim of this research is to investigate the different types of signifiers in two converse-based poetries with descriptive-analytical approach using the collected data. To achieve this aim, first the discursive clauses of each of the poetries are selected by using qualitative method and are analyzed based on the critical model of Laclau and Mouffe to identify the discursive components and valued signifiers. 4.Results and Discussions The saliency of valued signifiers in poetries of Sheevan Foumani led the researchers of this paper to apply the critical model of Laclau and Mouffe for investigating different types of signifiers and discursive contents in the aforementioned two poetries. As a result, first the summaries of each of the poetries were explained and different types of signifiers in poetries were identified in accordance with the poems and the main characters of poetries. These signifiers were the central nodal points, floated signifier, and empty signifier so that the short applications of each of these elements were mentioned in poetries. Then, the poems indicating the valued signifiers of each characters of the poetries were mentioned. Moreover, the poems indicating the adversary valued signifiers were explained contrastively so that via the poems, the adversary discourses might be identified. And in final evaluation, the conflicted discourses might be shown. After identifying different types of valued signifiers, the functions of discourses corresponding to the valued signifiers were specified. And the discursive articulations of the poetries were formed in accordance with the signifiers and ongoing discourses. By the total analysis of the poems of poetries, based on the critical model of Laclau and Mouffe, the findings are summarized as follows: a) By identifying different types of signifiers in two poetries, it was specified that the central nodal point of Fokhos poetry had been nightmares. This central nodal point had one signified; while the central nodal point of Aghɑdɑr poetry had been shadblow and this central nodal point had two signified in accordance with two dimensions of shadblow in the view of two main characters of the poetry. b) Different types of discourses such as individualistic, collective, cultural, economic, and religious discourses in two poetries of Fokhos and Aghɑdɑr were identified in accordance with the poems of the poetries similarly. Also, the use of two subsidiary humanitarian and ecological discourses had been more concrete in the poetry of Aghɑdɑ Other findings that can be mentioned include the discursive cycling found in these two poetries so that the poet has used this cognitive technique to effectively influence the receiver. 5.Conclusions and Suggestions By applying the critical model of Laclau and Mouffe in the two poetries, we can attain the wide aspects of conceptual views and also, the secrete ideology of the textual layers. Moreover, in the poetries of Sheevan Foumani, the converse-based events of the characters are ongoing. Given that the critical model of Laclau and Mouffe is originated in post-structuralism, by analyzing the poetries meticulously, we can achieve the wide variety of contrasting discourses. So, this research has some suggestions: a) This research qualitative in nature. It may be suggested that in further research, by changing the procedure of the research, the combined qualitative and quantitative methods be adopted to evaluate precisely the application of critical model on the literary works. b) The poetries of Sheevan Foumani are varied from the aesthetic view. So, other poetries of the poet can be analyzed based on the discursive models by others. Incidentally, by comparing discursively the poetries of Sheevan Foumani with the poetries of other Gilaki poets, the structural and contextual differences of them can be evaluated. c) The investigation of the poetries of Sheevan Foumani may contribute to the recognition of the Gilaki literature and the cultural elements of this area. Select Bibliography Ahangar, A., Khoshkhunzad, A., Khademi, S. Representation of Social Discourses in the Film 'Gav' based on the approaches of Laclau and Mouffe. Journal of sociolinguists. 2021; 4(4): 71.82. [in Persian]. Eqbalian, S. S. Analysis of Satirical Mechanisms in Gilaki Poems by Aftab, Shivan Foomani, and Mostafa Rahimpoor. M.A. Thesis of Persian language and literature. Guilan University. Faculty of Humanities. Rasht. 2012. [in Persian] Foomani, Sh. Khiyale Gard-e Gij (Parse Khial). A collection of Gilaki poems with a Persian translation by Hamed Foomani.Tehran.Iran: Saless. 2008. [in Persian] Haqparast, H. R. Social Analysis of Shivan Foomani's Poems. M.A.thesis of Persian language and literature. Mohaghegh Ardabili University. Ardabil. 2009. [in Persian] Heydari, A., Manshizadeh, M., Farazandehpour, F. The Origin of Political Sufism Discourse in Iran and Its Analysis based on Laclau and Mouffe's Discourse Theory. Journal of Mystical Literature. Alzahra University. 2022; 28: 153.187. [in Persian]. Laclau. E & Mouffe. C. Hegemony and Socialist Strategy, towards a Radical Democratic Politics, Translated by Rezayi. M. Tehran: Sales. 2014. [in Persian] Moghadami,M. T. Mm. The theory of critical discourse analysis of Laclau and Mouffe and its criticisim. Journal of cultural social knowledge. 2011; 2(2); 91-124. [in Persian] Nikdel Kalashami, A. R. Investigating Address Terms and Discourse in the Conversation-oriented Texts of Shivan Foomani's Gilaki Poems. M.A. Thesis of Persian language and literature. Guilan University. Faculty of Humanities. Rasht. 2022. [in Persian] Nikui, A. The Connection between Symbolic, Mythological, and Romantic insights in Shivan Foomani's Poetry. The Journal of Poetry. 2003; 33: 74-75. [in Persian] Tadini, M. Postmodernism in Iranian Fiction Literature. Tehran: Elm. 2014. [in Persian] Tamimidari, A., Baqeri Ahrenjani, Sh. The Importance of Recognizing Discourse and Central Signifier for Translators with a Focus on Coleman Barks' Translation of Masnavi Maulana. The Journal of Language Related Research. 2022; 1(13): 327-356. [in Persian] منظومه‌های نمادین شیون فومنی مملو از دال‌های هدفمند ارزشی گفتمانساز مؤلف است. در دو منظومۀ «فوخوس» و «آقادار» شاعر از انواع نمادها جهت برجسته‌سازی گفتمانها بهره می‌برد. کثرت گفتمان‌ها در این منظومه‌ها با بهره‌گیری از دال‌های ارزشی، محققان این پژوهش را به این امر ترغیب می‌کند که با برشمردن ویژگیهای گفتمانی هریک از این آثار به ابعاد وسیعی از جهان‌بینی‌های ادراکی دست یابند. ازاین‌رو، رویکرد انتقادی لاکلائو و موفه، مدل پیشنهادی جهت بررسی دالشناسی ارزشی شخصیتهای نمادین در این دو منظومه است. با استناد به داده‌های متنی منظومه‌ها، انواع دال‌های هدفمند با بهره‌گیری از روش کیفی شناسایی شد و در نهایت، کاربست مدل انتقادی نامبرده بر دو منظومه، یافته‌هایی را دربر داشت: منظومۀ آقادار علاوه‌بر پنج گفتمان اصلی از دو گفتمان فرعی انسان‌شناختی و طبیعی نیز بهره می‌برد. از نتایج دیگر این پژوهش، چرخش‌های گفتمانی است که در این دو منظومه یافت می‌شود. همچنین با بررسی انواع دالهای مرکزی و شناور دو منظومۀ فوخوس و آقادار، دو دال مرکزی اصلی به‌ترتیب بختک و ازگیل هستند؛ دال اصلی منظومۀ فوخوس تک‌مدلولی، اما دال اصلی منظومۀ آقادار از منظر دو شخصیت اصلی، دومدلولی است.

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دانشگاه گیلان زبان فارسی و گویش‌های ایرانی 2476-6585 8 2 2024 01 21 A Comparative Analysis of Aspect in Modern Spoken and Written Persian Language تحلیل مقایسه‌ای نمود در زبان فارسی گفتاری و نوشتاری معاصر 79 105 7825 10.22124/plid.2024.27581.1675 FA زینب محمدابراهیمی جهرمی استادیار گروه زبان‌شناسی دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران Journal Article 2024 05 29 Usually, verbal conjugation in languages is done by encoding three kinds of information: tense, modality, and aspect. The main goal of this article is to classify different aspects, as well as to discover the similarities and differences of mood in the two written and spoken varieties of Modern Persian based on Kroeger (2005), Comrie (1976), and Jackendoff (1983). Data is collected either by using the sentences the author has encountered in the context or from the summary of the episodes 16-20 of the TV series “Shahbaz”. Moreover, I have used my own examples as a native speaker of Persian whenever it was needed. The results revealed that an change has occurred in spoken Modern Persian. Present perfect aspect in spoken Persian is going to be vanished. Except this issue as well as phonological differences any other differences related to the existence of different kinds of aspects like present perfect aspect, imperfective aspect, prospective aspect, etc. between the two varieties of the language were not seen. Finally, a new analysis of aspect classification in the form of a continuum of aspect has been offered. Extended Abstract 1.Introduction Usually, verbal conjugation in languages is done by encoding three kinds of information: tense, modality, and aspect. The main goal of this article is to classify different aspects, as well as to discover the similarities and differences of mood in the two written and spoken varieties of Modern Persian. Many linguists reviewed aspect in Persian. They have classified aspect in different ways. Moreover, as far as I have read different works, no one has mentioned the differences between the two different varieties of Modern Persian (written and spoken) with regard to aspect. I want to answer these questions: 1- How aspect can be analyzed in modern written Persian? 2- How aspect can be analyzed in Modern Spoken Persian? 3- What are the similarities and differences between Modern Written and Spokes Persian? 2.Theoretical Framework Kroeger (2005), and Comrie (1976) have divided aspects into two major groups: lexical and morphological. They have also classified morphological aspect into perfect, perfective, and imperfective aspects. Then, they have distinguished two major subgroups of imperfective aspects as habitual, and continuous. Jackendoff (1983) has divided lexical aspect into two major groups: telic and atelic. In analyzing Modern Persian aspect, the mentioned framework has been used in this article. 3.Methodology Data is collected either by using the sentences the author has encountered in the context or from the summary of the episodes 16-20 of the TV series “Shahbaz”. I have watched these episodes, written down all the sentences, and extracted the examples which were needed. Moreover, I have used my own examples as a native speaker of Persian whenever it was needed. In order to analyze the data, I have used the above theoretical framework. 4.Results and Discussions In Modern Persian there are special inflectional affixes for tense. Present base takes the suffix”- Ø” as opposed to past base which takes the suffix”-t” or its allomorphs. There are six different suffixes for agreement according to number and person. Persian verbs are conjugated for aspect, tense and mood. But, usually the affixes which show these notions are not separated from each other, i.e., a portmanteau affix is used. For example, the prefix “mi” in “mixordam” shows continuous aspect as well as the indicative mood. The suffix “-d” shows the past tense, and the suffix”-am” shows first person singular. In Modern Written and Spoken Persian language, if the verb is in simple past there is no separate suffix for perfective aspect for example the suffixes “-d” and”-am” in [xordam] show tense, agreement, aspect, and mood. For past perfect tense/aspect, the past participle of the verb plus the conjugated form of the auxiliary “budan” is used in Modern Spoken and Written Persian. For example, [xorde budam]. Of course, there may be some phonological differences in the spoken variety. In written variety, present perfect tense/aspect is formed by the past participle of the verb plus the conjugated form of “astan” which usually as a clitic attaches to the past participle of the verb. For example, in the written form [xorde?am] the past participle of the verb[xord], i.e. [xorde] as the host takes the clitic [-am] which shows present perfect tense/aspect. In spoken variety, for present perfect tense/ aspect, usually the past participle of the verb and the suitable clitic form of the auxiliary [astan] are not used. Instead of them, the root plus the inflectional affixes which show tense and agreement are used. For example, instead of the past participle of the verb[xord], i.e. [xorde] and the suitable clitic form, the root of the verb plus the inflectional suffixes which show tense and agreement are used like [xordam]. Sometimes instead of the deleted affixes, the vowel of the base is lengthened like [xorda:m]. Moreover, the place of stress is changed too. Instead of the first syllable, it falls on the last syllable of the conjugated verb. Sometimes even this lengthening is not observed. 5.Conclusions and Suggestions The results revealed that, as far as perfective, and imperfective aspects are concerned, the main differences between Written and Spoken Modern Persian varieties are phonological. This can be an issue of future investigations. There is a great difference between the two varieties is in present perfect tense/aspect. In fact, a change has occurred in spoken Modern Persian. Present perfect tense/ aspect in spoken Persian is going to be vanished. Moreover, I found that contrary to previous studies, a binary classification of aspect has some overlaps, to some extend is ambiguous and not so accurate. In fact, there is a close and direct relation between grammatical realization of aspect and imperfectness on one hand and a close and direct relation between lexical realization of aspect and perfective aspect. For these reasons, I have proposed a continuum view of aspect in this article. On one side of the continuum different kinds of imperfective aspects are realized in grammatical forms and on the other side of the continuum different kinds of perfective aspects are generated lexically. Selected Bibliography Comrie, B. Aspect, Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. 1976. Dastlan M., Mohammad Ebrahimi Zeinab. Mehdi Beyraghdar. Razieh, Rovshan Belghis . “Aspect in Persian; a New Perspective Based on Cognitive Metaphorical extension approach and Aspectual Features”, Language Related Research, 2016; 7(3): 69-86 [in Persian]. Golfam, Arsalan. Principles of Grammar, Tehran: Samt 2006. [in Persian]. Hornstein, N. As Time Goes by. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press. 1993. Jackendoff, R. S. Semantics and cognition, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. 1983. Kroeger, Paul R. 2005. Analyzing Grammar: An Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2005. Mohammad Ebrahimi Jahromi. Z. Morpheme and Clitics in Modern Persian, Tehran: Avay-e Khavar. 2019. [in Persian]. Valipour, M., Bahrami Fatemeh. “Perfect Aspect or Anterior Tense? Rethinking of Aspect in Persian”, Language Related Research, 2023; 13(6)225-259. [in Persian] معمولا صرف فعل در زبان‌ها با رمزگزاری سه نوع اطلاعات انجام می‌شود که عبارت‌اند از نمود، وجه، و زمان. هدف اصلی این مقاله طبقه‌بندی انواع نمود و یافتن تفاوت‌ها و شباهت‌های دو گونة نوشتاری و گفتاری فارسی با توجه به نظریات کروئگر، کامری و جکندوف است. داده‌های پژوهش حاضر از میان جملاتی که نگارنده یا با آنها در بافت برخورد نموده یا از خلاصة قسمتهای 16-20 سریال تلویزیونی شهباز شنیده انتخاب شده‌اند. علاوه‌برآن نگارنده در صورت لزوم برای ارائه مثال به‌عنوان گویشور بومی زبان فارسی از مثال‌های خود استفاده کرده‌است. نتایج تحقیق نشان داد که تحولی در زبان فارسی گفتاری معاصر رخ داده‌است. در گونه فارسی گفتاری نمود نقلی رو به اضمحلال است. به‌جز این مورد و تفاوت‌های واجی، تفاوت عمده‌ دیگری بین وجود انواع گونه‌های نمود از جمله نمود کامل، نمود ناقص، نمود تقریبی و غیره در این دو گونه زبانی موجود نیست. در پایان تحلیل تازه‌ای از طبقه‌بندی نمود به‌صورت طیف نمود ارائه شده‌است.

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دانشگاه گیلان زبان فارسی و گویش‌های ایرانی 2476-6585 8 2 2024 01 21 Supplement to the Revision of The Story of Hossein-e Kord-e Shabestari تکمله‌ای بر تصحیح قصۀ حسین کرد شبستری 107 124 7840 10.22124/plid.2024.26204.1655 FA اصغر اسمعیلی استادیار پژوهشگاه علوم انسانی و مطالعات فرهنگی، تهران، ایران. Journal Article 2023 12 05 This article serves as a complementary work to the correction of Hossein Kurd Shabestari's narrative poem. It is the collaborative effort of Iraj Afshar and Mehran Afshari and is divided into two parts. The first part involves the critique, recording, and correction of verses from various poets embedded within the narrative. These verses are categorized into three groups: verses that have been accurately recorded with identifiable poets or sources, verses that are metrically and rhyme-wise correct but have unknown authors, and verses that contain errors in their recording and correction, leading to discrepancies in meter and rhyme scheme. The editors have either not corrected these or integrated them into the poet's own work. These verses were primarily corrected through reference to the works of other poets and adherence to the literary tradition of Persian poetry. The second part of this article focuses on the scrutiny and correction of specific words, particularly Turkish words and sentences, with explanatory annotations provided. In this section, corrections are made in terms of pronunciation and meaning by consulting Turkish-to-Persian dictionaries, identifying contextual clues in the text, and considering the narrative and textual context. By incorporating these corrections and annotations, a refined version of Hossein Kurd Shabestari's narrative poem can be achieved. Extended abstract 1.Introduction The story of "Hossein-e Kord-e Shabestari" is a tale from popular literature, authored by an anonymous writer. It was most likely composed during the Safavid era, with a lesser probability of having been written during the Qajar period. Over time, it has gained popularity among the people, as evidenced by its numerous reprints. This article provides a textual analysis of the story of "Hossein-e-Kord-e-Shabestari," focusing on the critical edition by Iraj Afshar and Mehran Afshari. Afshar and Afshari utilized the sole manuscript of Hossein Nameh, cataloged as number 162 (dated 1907) in the Oriental Library of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. In this study, two additional manuscripts were consulted for further examination: 1)The manuscript from the Astan Quds Razavi Library, preserved under the asset number 38813. 2) The manuscript from the Library of the Islamic Consultative Assembly, cataloged as number 1257. Although this manuscript contains sections beyond what is included in Hosein Nameh, it is essentially another part of the comprehensive work titled "Yatim Nameh," which encompasses Hosein Nameh and several other texts. Excerpts and phrases from this manuscript have been used to supplement some explanations and annotations in this article. 2.Theoretical Framework The goal of the science and art of text editing is to present a text as close as possible to the original work that flowed from the pen of the author or the words of the poet. The primary materials for this task are manuscripts, while secondary sources include other books such as dictionaries and specialized works in various fields that assist the editor in presenting a polished text. In this study, the manuscript from the Astan Quds Razavi Library was used as the primary basis, supplemented by secondary sources, to compile this supplement. 3.Methodology In the first section of this study, the verses from the text of the story of "Hossein-e Kord-e Shabestari" were extracted and examined. To correct these verses and ensure their accuracy, the works of poets who wrote these verses were consulted, and the verses were corrected and presented based on these references. In the second section of the article, which includes the correction of various words and phrases, including Turkish phrases, issues related to pronunciation, spelling, the absence of annotations (explanations), or the insufficiency of related explanations were addressed. In this section, by using Persian and Turkish dictionaries, considering contemporary local language evidence and contemporary texts, examining manuscript recordings, and analyzing internal and external textual evidence, along with attention to literary tradition and grammatical structures in Turkish, necessary arguments were made, and corrections were implemented. 4.Results and Discussion In this study, the deficiencies in the edited text of the story of "Hossein-e Kord-e Shabestari" were examined in three sections: First Section: Poetic Verses In the first section, we encountered verses in the printed edition that had inaccuracies in their transcription and correction. These incorrect transcriptions disrupted the meter and rhyme, and the editors of the work had not corrected them. To address these issues, we referred to the works and collections of poets such as Farrukhi Sistani, Razi-od-Din Artimani, Sheikh Baha'i's Kashkul, Turki Shirazi, Qassab Kashani, and Abu Sa'id Abu'l-Kheyr. Additionally, attention was given to the Persian literary tradition. Corrections were made using two manuscripts: one from the Astan Quds Razavi Library and the other from the Library of the Islamic Consultative Assembly. Second Section: Corrections of Words, Phrases, and Sentences The second section of this study focuses on correcting words, phrases, and sentences, particularly Turkish words and phrases. We encountered three categories of issues: Pronunciation and Spelling Errors: This includes terms like "پورچک" (Poochak), "اُده باشی" (Odeh Bashi), "توت منم المدن" (Tot Manam Al-Madan), and "دوطلب" (Dotolab). Meaning Errors: This involves words and phrases such as "پورچک" (Poochak), "اده باشی" (Odeh Bashi), "توت منم المدن" (Tot Manam Al-Madan), "قاطمه" (Qatima), and "میلاخ" (Milakh). Neglect of Some Turkish Grammatical Structures: Examples include using "غافل" (Ghafel) instead of "ناغافل" (Naghaafel), "بهوش" (Behoush) (with an unclear 'yaa') instead of "بی‌هوش" (Bi-Housh), and "از کوچه به کوچه" (Az Koocheh Beh Koocheh) instead of "کوچه به کوچه" (Koocheh Beh Koocheh). Each of these issues was explained and corrected in the article. Third Section: Deficiencies in the Glossary of the Printed Text The third section addresses the shortcomings in the glossary at the end of the printed text of "Hossein-e Kord-e Shabestari," particularly the omission of the meanings of relevant Turkish words and phrases. 5.Conclusions This article serves as a supplement to the critical edition of the story "Hossein-e-Kord-e-Shabestari," edited by Iraj Afshar and Mehran Afshari, and is divided into two main sections: First Section: The first section critiques the transcription and correction of verses from various poets embedded within the story. These verses were corrected by referring to the collections of the poets and available manuscripts. Second Section: In the second section, the transcription of certain words, particularly Turkish words and phrases, was examined and corrected, with clarifying annotations added. By consulting Turkish-to-Persian dictionaries, finding supporting evidence in the text and other sources, and considering the context of the story, the words and phrases were corrected in terms of pronunciation and meaning, with annotations provided. Findings: Various pieces of evidence suggest that the author of the story "Hosein-e Kord-e Shabestari" was likely a native Turkish speaker. The editors' lack of attention to this matter has led to errors in the text and annotations. These errors can be categorized as follows: Errors in Pronunciation and Spelling: Issues with the transcription of certain words and phrases. Errors in Meaning: Misinterpretation of the meanings of certain words and phrases. Neglect of Turkish Grammatical Structures: Examples include using "غافل" (Ghafel) instead of "ناغافل" (Naghaafel), "بهوش" (Behoush) with an unclear 'yaa' instead of "بی‌هوش" (Bi-Housh), and "از کوچه به کوچه" (Az Koocheh Beh Koocheh) instead of "کوچه به کوچه" (Koocheh Beh Koocheh). Each of these issues was addressed in the article. Third Section: The third section examined and supplemented the deficiencies in the glossary at the end of the printed text, particularly the omission of the meanings of relevant Turkish words and phrases. Select Bibliography Artimani, R. The Divan of Razi-od-Din Artimani, edited by Mohammad Ali Emami. Tehran: Khayyam Bookstore. 1966. [in Persian] Estarabadī, M.M. Sanglakh: A Turkish-Persian Dictionary, edited by Roshan Khiyavi. Tehran: Nashr Markaz. 1995. [in Persian] Jafarpoor, M. "From the Orphan Tale to the Historical Qurchi (Proving the Unknown Identity of Hosein-e- Kord-e Shabestari Based on Historical and Literary Evidence)," New Literary Research, 2022a; 1: 21-51. [in Persian] Jafarpoor, M. "Codicology of the Oldest Comprehensive Narratives of Yatim-Nama and Other Manuscripts," Persian Literary Textology, 2022b; 53: 73-90. Khiyampoor, A. Persian Grammar, Tabriz: Tehran Bookstore. 1965. [in Persian] Marzolph, U. "A Treasure Trove of Formulaic Expressions in the Folk Tale of Hosein-e-Kord," in: The Story of Hosein-e-Kord-e-Shabestari. Tehran: Cheshmeh, 2021; 439-459. [in Persian] The Story of Hossein-e-Kord-e-Shabestari, based on the unknown narrative known as Hossein-Nameh, edited by Iraj Afshar and Mehran Afshari. Tehran: Cheshmeh Publications, 2021 (9th edition). [in Persian] این مقاله تکمله‌ای بر تصحیح قصۀ حسین کرد شبستری، به‌کوشش ایرج افشار و مهران افشاری است که به دو بخش تقسیم می‌شود: بخش نخست نقد ضبط و تصحیح ابیاتی از شاعران مختلف، در لابهلای قصه که در آن، این ابیات به سه بخش تقسیم شده‌اند: ابیات با ضبط درست و سرایندۀ مشخص که مصححان به سرایندگان یا مأخذ اشعار اشاره نکرده‌اند؛ ابیاتی که از نظر وزن و قافیه اشکالی ندارند، اما سرایندۀ آنها نامعلوم است؛ ابیاتی که در ضبط و تصحیح آنها اشکال یا اشکالاتی وجود دارد و ضبط ناصحیح، اختلالاتی در وزن و قافیه آنها به وجود آورده که مصححان اثر، آنها را تصحیح نکرده‌اند یا در شعر شاعر تصرف شده و درنتیجه، بیت یا ابیات دیگری عرضه شده‌است. این ابیات بیشتر با مراجعه به آثار شاعران و توجه به سنت ادبی فارسی تصحیح شد. در بخش دوم این مقاله ضبط برخی کلمات، به‌ویژه کلمات و جملات ترکی، بررسی و تصحیح شده و تعلیقات روشن‌کننده بر آنها افزوده شده‌است؛ در این بخش با مراجعه به دو نسخۀ خطی، فرهنگهای ترکی به فارسی، یافتن قرائن کمک‌کننده در متن و متون دیگر و همچنین توجه به بافت داستان و متن، کلمات و جملات، از حیث تلفظ و معنی، تصحیح و تعلیقاتی بر آنها نوشته شد. واژگان، جملات و عبارات ترکی اقتضا میکرد مصححان نگاه دقیقتری به این مقولهها میکردند که متأسفانه چنین نیست و در مقالۀ حاضر، تمرکز بر روی آنها بوده‌است. با افزودن این تصحیحات و تعلیقات می‌توان متن منقحتری از قصۀ حسین کرد شبستری به دست داد.

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دانشگاه گیلان زبان فارسی و گویش‌های ایرانی 2476-6585 8 2 2024 01 21 The Significance of Sistani Dialect Words and Phrases in Persian Literary Texts اهمیت لغات و ترکیبات گویش سیستانی در متون ادب فارسی 125 141 7827 10.22124/plid.2024.26400.1659 FA حسین اتحادی استادیارگروه زبان و ادبیات فارسی، واحد زابل، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، زابل، ایران Journal Article 2024 01 06 Literary texts often feature words and phrases that are absent from standard dictionaries. This descriptive-analytical study examined some of the Sistani dialect terms found in literary works. These vocabulary items could be structurally categorized into two groups. The majority were used identically in both the Sistani dialect and literary contexts. However, a smaller number exhibited minor differences, such as deletions, additions, or substitutions of individual words. From another perspective, these terms were either entirely absent from dictionaries or had multiple definitions with one obsolete dictionary meaning still preserved in the Sistani dialect. In terms of part of speech, these words and phrases were classified primarily as verbs, adjectives, and nouns with verbs frequently appearing as figurative compound words. Identifying and recovering such specialized vocabulary not only enriches the lexical and semantic range of the Persian language, but can also provide key insights for interpreting the nuances and difficulties of literary texts. Extended Abstract 1.Introduction In the study of Iranian languages, a tripartite classification has emerged from the perspective of linguistic kinship and evolution - Old Iranian, Middle Iranian, and New Iranian Languages. Each of these groupings has been characterized by distinct structural features and shared characteristics in some cases as well. Over time, the languages within these categories have undergone changes and transformations in their structures and pronunciations driven by various environmental and cultural factors. Such changes have given rise to the diverse dialects observed across the Iranian language family. One such dialect of particular significance is the Sistani dialect distinguished by its antiquity and expansive geographical distribution of its speakers. 2.Theoretical Framework This investigation pursued two central objectives. First, it sought to identify words and phrases found in the Sistani dialect that had been employed in Persian literary texts, yet omitted from standard dictionaries. Second, it explored whether the Sistani dialect could provide insights for elucidating challenges encountered in interpreting Persian literary works. 3.Methodology This study employed a descriptive-analytical approach, relying on library resources. 4.Results & Discussion In this section, we examined and analyzed words and phrases that were common to both the Sistani dialect and Persian literary texts presented in alphabetical order. Some examples are provided below. (open principles) In the following quote, Qā'im Maqām Farāhāni used the compound term "open principles" to characterize an "ill-tempered, ill-natured, ill-wishing old woman": "In this old age and the end of my life, I am trapped with a bad-tempered, ill-natured, ill-wishing old woman..., a bad-tempered woman, who has no equal.". This metaphorical usage did not appear in Persian dictionaries, but the Sistani dialect employed the term in the sense of "cunning, trickster, and schemer". (going under the shade of someone) This compound phrase was used metaphorically to convey the sense of being under someone's protection and support. In the following verse, the poet urges: (Go under the shade of a lion so that the man-eating wolf Cannot become the enemy of the sheep for fear of him.) Here, the term (enemy) is used in its dictionary definition. The poet suggests that one should seek the protection and support of a powerful figure (the "lion") to deter even the most dangerous predators (the "man-eating wolf") from harming the vulnerable (the "sheep"). (to breathe) In the following verse, the poet declares: )I am that endless ocean that a hundred seas and deserts I breathe every moment in a single breath and roar again from drunkenness.) Nafisi interpreted this usage of as meaning "to breathe and pant, to be idle and unemployed". In Dehkhoda's notes, also the word is defined as "to take a long time”. To clarify the meaning, the poet seemed to be claiming that, like an endless ocean, they can effortlessly "breathe" or encompass a hundred smaller seas and deserts, roaring forth in drunken exuberance. In the Sistani dialect, this verb was used specifically to mean "to swallow at once". (putting one's head in the lap) This phrase was used metaphorically to convey the sense of being caught up in or overwhelmed by one's own problems. In the following verses, the poet illustrates this usage: (The bud is a tired recluse in thought of your mouth; The pearl has put his head in his lap in thought of your ruby lips.) Here, the bud becomes a recluse and helpless, having fallen into grief and sorrow due to its infatuation with the beloved's mouth. Similarly, the pearl (or gem) is overcome by its obsession with the beloved's ruby lips. Figuratively, this represented the metaphor of "putting one's head in one's lap", which was also employed in the Sistani dialect to convey the sense of being caught up in or overwhelmed by one's own troubles. (putting something on a stick) This phrase was used metaphorically to convey the sense of revealing, exposing, or disgracing a secret. In the following verse, the poet advises: (If you do something, make it the same color as your soul! Don't put it on a stick, hide it!) Here, the poet is counseling to do something secretly and out of sight of others as the soul cannot be seen or perceived. Figuratively, he is advising against "putting it on a stick", which means not to reveal or expose the action openly. (putting someone's head in the dust) This phrase was used metaphorically to mean killing someone, burying them in the ground. In the following verse, the poet recounts the words of his beloved: (You said, “I will put your head in the dust on this path.” Dust be on the head that is not happy with this!) In the first line, the poet recalls his beloved's threat to "put his head in the dust", which is a metaphorical way of saying she will kill him on this path (i.e., in their pursuit of union). The second line expresses the poet's lament over this fate with "dust on the head" being a traditional expression of grief and unhappiness. Conclusions & Suggestions. Certain words and phrases were shared between the Sistani dialect and Persian literary texts, often with little to no change, aside from the occasional deletion, displacement, or alteration of a vowel sound. These shared linguistic elements spanned verb, adjective, and noun forms with verbal compounds tending to be used more frequently in a figurative or metaphorical sense. The value of this research lies in its dual contributions. On one hand, it serves to expand the vocabulary and semantic range of the Persian language by illuminating these shared linguistic features between colloquial and literary contexts. On the other hand, as demonstrated in the examples provided, this insight can also prove pivotal in explaining and resolving ambiguities that may arise in the interpretation of Persian literary texts. By mapping the overlaps and connections between the Sistani dialect and the lexical and figurative usage found in Persian literary works, this study enriched our understanding of the Persian language and its expressive capabilities, while also providing a valuable key for navigating the nuances and complexities of the literary tradition. Select Bibliography Asiri Lahiji, sh. Divan. By Barat Zanjani. Tehran: Institute of Islamic Studies, McGill University. 1979. [In Persian]. Attar Neyshaboori, F. Elahi Name. Edited by Mohammad Reza Shafiei Kadkani. Tehran: Sokhan. 2008. [In Persian]. Bidel Dehlavi, M.A. Kolliyat. Edited by Khaste & Khalili. Tehran: Zavvar. 2008. [In Persian]. Dehkhoda, A. Loghatname. 2thed, Tehran: University of Tehran Press. 1998. [In Persian]. Mohtasham Kashani. Kolliyat. Edited by Mostafa Feyz Kashani. Tehran: Publications of Soreye Mehr. 2012. [In Persian]. Moien, M. A Persian Dictionary. Tehran: Amirkabir. 2003. [In Persian]. Nafisi, S. Dictionary of Nafisi. Tehran: Khayyam bookstore. 1954. [In Persian]. Qā'im Maqām Farāhāni Farahani.n.d . Monsha’at Qaem Maqam. Edited by Motamed al- Dole. Tehran: Islamic scientific bookstore. 2017. [In Persian]. Shahnazi, J. Sistani Idioms and Proverbs. Tehran: Research Institute for Cultural Heritage and Tourism. 2021. [In Persian]. Yarshater, E. Iranian Languages and Dialects. Journal of Literature and Human Sciences, University of Tehran. 1956. 5 (1): 11-48. [In Persian]. برخی از لغات و ترکیبات در متون ادبی به کار رفته که در فرهنگ‌های لغت موجود، ضبط نشده‌است. در پژوهش حاضر، به روش توصیفی- تحلیلی، پاره‌ای از این لغات و ترکیبات که هنوز در گویش سیستانی به کار می‌روند بازیافت و شناسایی شده‌است. این لغات و ترکیبات را از نظر ساختاری، به دو بخش می‌توان تقسیم کرد. غالب آنها بدون هیچ تفاوتی، در گویش سیستانی و متون ادبی کاربرد دارند. بخش اندکی تفاوتی جزیی، در اندازۀ‌ حذف یا اضافه شدن یا تبدیل یک واژه، با یکدیگر دارند. از منظری دیگر، این لغات و ترکیبات، یا اصلا در فرهنگ‌ها ضبط نشده‌اند، یا اینکه دارای چند معنا هستند اما یکی از معانی آنها که در فرهنگهای لغت متروک مانده، درگویش سیستانی، به کار می‌رود. این لغات و ترکیبات، از نظر نوع کلمه، به‌ترتیب بسامد شامل فعل، صفت و اسم میشوند. افعال هم غالبا ترکیباتی هستند که معنایی کنایی از آنها استنباط میشود. شناسایی و بازیافت چنین لغات و ترکیباتی، افزون‌بر اینکه موجب غنی‌تر شدن دایرۀ واژگانی و معنایی زبان فارسی می‌گردد، در برخی موارد، بنابر شواهدی که در متن ذکر میشود، می‌تواند در توضیح و تحلیل دشواری‌های متون ادبی هم گره‌گشا باشد.

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دانشگاه گیلان زبان فارسی و گویش‌های ایرانی 2476-6585 8 2 2024 01 21 Pahlavi Archive of Hastijan بایگانی اسناد پهلوی هستیجان 143 163 7834 10.22124/plid.2024.27030.1666 FA نیما آصفی دانشجوی دکتری زبان‌های باستانی، پژوهشگاه علوم انسانی و مطالعات فرهنگی، تهران، ایران. 0000-0002-6099-4516 مهشید میرفخرایی استاد بازنشستۀ گروه زبان‌های باستانی پژوهشگاه علوم انسانی و مطالعات فرهنگی، تهران، ایران. Journal Article 2024 03 15 In this article, after mentioning a brief background of the Pahlavi Archive, the dating process, and the place of their discovery, three documents with the names Unknown II, Berk. 20, and Berk. 223 are studied. Philippe Gignoux and Dieter Weber have previously read these documents or some words from them and translated them into French, German, and English. The many ambiguities in the written cursive Pahlavi script and the characteristics of the ink and pen used in the documents, along with the complexity of recognizing the handwriting and writing style of the scribes, make examining and reading these documents extremely difficult, and their revision is unavoidable. Accordingly, in this article, a new reading and meaning are proposed for some words. In addition, in all three examined documents, there is a special genitive structure, which is the key to receiving the main point of the documents, and it has not been paid attention to. In this paper, this structure is recognized and analysed, and its remnants are mentioned in some North-Western Iranian languages. Extended abstract 1.Introduction In 1974, Richard Frye published a document written in cursive Pahlavi script. Until 1988, this was the only evidence of a collection that would later be known as the Pahlavi Archive. These documents were obtained through illegal excavations and smuggled out of the country. As a result, the exact location where the documents were discovered was unknown to researchers. The documents were written in a very difficult and ambiguous Pahlavi script, and at that time, there was little knowledge about their content. Some of the documents are dated, but the origin of these dates is not mentioned, which has led to many years of research and effort. Gignoux identified the starting point of the dates as the death of Yazdegerd III in 652 CE. Weber confirmed Gignoux's view and correlated the specific name "Yazdānpādār" in the Pahlavi documents with the name Yazdānafāẓār in the book of Tarikh-e Qom, which achieved very significant results. The radiocarbon age of the manuscript is 1,323+ or -77 before the present (year BP), with a calibrated age range of AD 651–776 (1 sigma, 68% confidence) and AD 600–888 (2 sigma, 95% confidence). In addition, the author of the Tārīkh-e Qom mentioned two Iranian calendars several times in his account of the arrival of the Ashʿari Arabs in Qom: ‘Abdullah and Ahvas arrived in Qom on Saturday in the month Farwardīn (1st month), the day of Nowruz, in the year 82 from the date in which Yazdjird bin Šahriyār became king, and the year 62 from the death and decline of Yazdjird, and that is a date used in Qom, famous among them, and the year 94 AH.’ More than 35 years after research on these documents began and the identification of place names began, the original location of these documents remained unknown until recently. The research conducted by Nima Asefi led to the discovery of the original location of these documents in a cave called Zel in Hastijan village (20 kilometers from Nimvar), in Delijan County. 2.Theoretical Framework In this article, three documents from the Pahlavi Archive of Hastijan are studied, with an attempt to offer new readings and interpretations for some words. The main focus of the article is on explaining a specific genitive structure used in all three documents. This study recognizes and analyses this structure, noting its remnants in certain North-Western Iranian languages. 3.Methodology This research is descriptive-analytical. Since the subject pertains to a historical period, the study relies on the library research method, utilizing various primary and secondary sources. Primary sources include three documents, two of them housed in Bancroft Library, Berkeley University, and a document in an unknown private collection. 4.Results and Research Findings In all 3 documents, there is a specific genitive structure as follows: → genitive +y +noun. A similar structure is observed in Parthian inscriptions, such as: In the Shapur's inscription at Hajiabad, line 4: [pwhry̲pwhr] / puhrēpuhr: grandson (literally "son of the son"), in the Shapur's inscriptions at Hajiabad and Ka'be-ye Zardusht, both in line 1, and on the Shapur's inscription at Bēšāpūr, line 3: [šhy̲pwhr] / Šahēpuhr = Šapuhr. This genitive structure is prevalent in some Northwestern Iranian languages, such as Gilaki, Mazandarani, Taleshi, and Tati of Khalkhal. In document unknown 2, the final word of the first line is ēn, not drōd. The reading of the second and third words in line 8 of Berk. 20 should be corrected to ‘kū ān’. The word that Weber considers in line 10 of Berk. 20 as a place name and has read as "Nahiyeh" is "nazdist." The reading of the next word should also be corrected to ‘andar’. The reading of two final words in line 12 of Berk. 20 should be corrected to "framāyēd abespārdan". The reading of the first word in the last line of Berk. 20 should be corrected to “dastgird”. 5.Conclusions The collection of the Pahlavi Archive, now referred to as the "Pahlavi Archive of Hastijan" based on the recent excavations, dates back to the late Sassanian and early Islamic times. These documents, discovered in the Zel cave at Hastijan along with fabric, pottery, bullae, leather pouch, and more, provide valuable insights into that era. They include information on proper names, place names, calendar, days and months, weights, and measures: grīw, kabīz, kardag, gard/ gird, paymān; administrative titles: dārīg, bunbān (storekeeper), āxwarrdār (stable keeper), ōstāndār (governor), and darhandarzbed; names of agricultural and dairy products, the practice of writing, formal (with honorable titles) and informal letters, the practice of making pacts. Select Bibliography Azarpay, G. Bullae from the Pahlavi Archive at the University of California, Berkeley. In Matteo Compareti, Paola Raffetta & Gianroberto Scarcia (eds.), Ērān ud Anērān. Studies presented to Boris Ilich Marshak on the occasion of his 70th birthday (Transoxiana Webfestschrift Series Ⅰ), Argentina: Transoxiana. 2003a, www.transoxiana.org/Eran. Azarpay, G. Martin, K. Schwartz, M. and Weber, D. New Information on the Date and Function of the Berkeley MP Archive. Bulletin of the Asia Institute, 2003b; 17: 17-29. Frye, R. N. Sasanian seals and sealings. In: Memorial Jean de Menasce. Ed. par Gignoux, Ph., et Tafazzoli, A., Louvain, S., 1974; 155-161. Gignoux, Ph. Une nouvelle collection de documents en pehlevi cursif du début du septièmes siècle de notre ère. Académie des Inscriptions et Belle- Lettres, Paris, 1991; 683-700. Gignoux, Ph. Lettres privées et lettres d'affaires dans l'Iran du 7ème siècle. Documentary Letters from the Middle East: The Evidence in Greek, Coptic, South Arabian, Pehlevi, and Arabic (lst-15th c CE), Edited by Eva Mira Grob and Andreas Kaplony, Asiatische Studien/ Études Asiatiques, 2008; 62(3): 827-842. Gignoux, Ph., La collection de textes attribuables à Dādēn-Vindād dans l’archive pehlevie de Berkeley. Res Orientales, Rika Gyselen (ed.), Sources for the History of Sasanian and Post Sasanian Iran. Bures-sur-Yvette: Groupe pour l’Étude de la Civilisation du Moyen-Orient, 2010; (19): 11-134. Weber, D., Krutzsch, M., Macuch, M. Berliner Pahlavi-Dokumente: Zeugnisse spätsassanidischer Brief- und Rechtskultur aus frühislamischer Zeit, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. 2008b. Weber, D. Villages and Estates in the Documents from the Pahlavi Archive: The Geographical Background. Bulletin of the Asia Institute, New Series, 2010; (24): 37-65. Weber, D. ‘Philippe Gignoux’ Beitrag zur Interpretation der Dokumente des Pahlavi Archive, California. Studia Iranica, Florilege offert a Philippo Ginpux pour son 80e anniversaire, ed. R. Gyselen and Chr. Jullien, Paris: Peeters Publishers, 2011; (43) 283-303. Weber, D. Two unknown documents from the Pahlavi Archive, Sasanika Papyrological Studies, 2019; (3): 1-6. Weber, D. Sasanian Festivals in the Documents from the Pahlavi Archive, Sasanian Studies: Late Antique Iranian World, 2022; 1(1): 323- 345. در این نوشتار پس از ذکر تاریخچۀ کوتاهی از مجموعه اسناد پهلوی، روند تاریخ‌گذاری و محل کشف آنها، سه سند با نام‌های ناشناختۀ شمارۀ 2، برکلی20 و برکلی223 بررسی می‌شود. فیلیپ ژینیو و دیتر وبر پیشتر این اسناد را یا واژه‌هایی از آنها خوانده و به زبان‌های فرانسه، آلمانی و انگلیسی ترجمه کرده‌اند. ابهام‌های فراوان موجود در خط پهلوی تحریری و ویژگی‌های جوهر و قلم بهکار رفته در اسناد در کنار پیچیدگی‌ شناخت دست‌خط و شیوۀ کتابت کاتبان کار بررسی و خوانش این اسناد را بی‌اندازه دشوار و بازبینی آنها را ناگزیر می‌کند. بر همین اساس، در این مقاله برای برخی از واژه‌ها خوانش و معنی تازه‌ای پیشنهاد می‌شود. افزونبراین در هر سه سند، ساختار اضافی خاصی وجود دارد که کلید دریافت نکتۀ اصلی اسناد است که تاکنون به آن توجه نشده‌است. در این نوشته این ساختار اضافی بازشناسی، تجزیه و تحلیل و به بازمانده‌های آن در برخی زبان‌های شمال‌غربی اشاره می‌شود.

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دانشگاه گیلان زبان فارسی و گویش‌های ایرانی 2476-6585 8 2 2024 01 21 “Mar” Abbreviation of "magar" (except/unless)/ the Characteristics of Style «مر» مخفف مگر/ ویژگیِ سبکی 165 177 7983 10.22124/plid.2024.27496.1671 FA امین یعقوبی(ماریف) دانش‌آموختۀ دکتری زبان و ادبیات فارسی،دانشکدۀ زبان و ادبیات فارسی، دانشگاه لرستان، خرم‌آباد، ایران. مریم سعیدیان دانشجوی دکتری زبان و ادبیات فارسی، دانشکدۀ زبان و ادبیات فارسی، دانشگاه ایلام، ایلام Journal Article 2024 05 18 One of the mysteries that has always been raised in dictionaries and stylistics books is the use of the word "mar" in ancient texts. This word appears in dictionaries in such a way that uncertainty has been expressed about its definitive meaning, and only by considering evidence and context have they attempted to find its semantic boundaries. Upon examining dictionaries, no firm meaning was found for it. In Bahar's stylistics book, no definitive information is given about this word, and it deals with semantic boundaries and conjecture. This article, with due research caution, proposes that "mar" in all instances can be an abbreviation of "magar" (except/ unless). Just as "ar" is an abbreviation of "agar" (if). This "mar" (abbreviated form of magar) is still used in today's local dialects. In Kurdish, Laki, Luri, and Bakhtiari dictionaries, "mar" is considered an abbreviation of "magar" (except/ unless). Furthermore, "magar" (except/ unless) has been used in ancient texts in various meanings such as emphasis, doubt, question, exception, limitation, etc. Precisely, "mar" has also been used in these meanings. The present research, based on various examples, aims to seek and prove this matter. Extended Abstract 1.Introduction In Iran, The stylistics of texts began with the valuable work of Mohammad Taghi Bahar. Stylistics or the history of the evolution of Persian prose is considered a significant step towards understanding ancient texts. In the book, Bahar examined the linguistic aspects of texts and presented with great precision everything that had frequency in linguistic topics (phonetic, lexical, syntactic). Sirous Shamisa has also written three separate volumes on the stylistics of poetry, prose, and general topics in this regard. One of the most important characteristics of stylistics is the frequency of a subject. Bahar defines style in this way: "Style in literary terminology is a special method of perceiving and expressing thoughts through the combination of words, choice of vocabulary, and manner of expression. The style of a literary work conveys its unique aspect in terms of form and meaning." (Bahar, 1393/1: D). Farshidvard points to the importance of form and meaning in determining style: "Style is created from the combination of spiritual and formal characteristics of a literary work." (Farshidvard, 1387/2: 219). Mahjoub also implicitly defines style and believes that: "In short, one's style is the method they choose to express their thoughts, provided that they have invented this method themselves and have not borrowed it from anyone." (Mahjoub, n.d.: p49). Among contemporary scholars, Shamisa considers style to be the result of three factors: "1. special perspective 2. selection 3.deviation from the norm." (Shamisa, 1387: 17). "When we examine the works of a particular time period, we notice common aspects between them in terms of meaning, language, and rhetorical issues, which collectively distinguish the works of that period from those of other periods. These common aspects, or in other words, the distinguishing factors of the features of the norm of that period, or in other words, define the style of that period." (Ibid: 88-89). Therefore, what is of high importance in stylistic studies is the frequency of a subject. This is very important and practical in this research. The use of the word "mar" (mar) in Khorasani style literature has a high frequency. This usage is such that "mar" (mar) has been considered an undisputed linguistic characteristic of Khorasani. However, no independent and codified study has ever been conducted to discover its semantic complexities. Therefore, the present study aims to be useful in examining and discovering its meaning. 2.Theoretical Framework Numerous studies have been conducted in the field of text stylistics. The research that has addressed stylistics and stylistic analysis of works is countless. However, for what this research aims to find, which is the semantic analysis of the word "mar" (mar), nothing was found. Also, in both ancient and modern dictionaries, no suitable meaning was found for this word. Perhaps it can be said with certainty that this research is the first independent work related to this topic. 3.Research Method This research has been conducted using a descriptive-analytical method. Accordingly, first, the desired materials were noted, and then by analyzing and breaking down the data, the research was examined and compiled. In this research, stylistics books and ancient prose and poetry texts have been used. 4.Research Findings Based on the definitions of style, what is of high importance is the high frequency of an element in poetry or text. It doesn't matter whether it occurs at the level of language, literature, or thought. The high frequency of an element establishes the basis of style. Such frequency is found in the word "mar" (“magar”/ if). In our literary history, this word is abundantly found in prose and poetry texts, and a definitive and clear meaning has never been presented for it. What is clear is its stylistic feature, which its high frequency has proven. However, to simply pass by it and assume that it is redundant or used for the beauty of the text does not convince minds. The present study, with due caution in research, proposes that "mar", in all positions, could be an abbreviation of the word "magar" (magar/ except or unless). The acquired results of this important topic are based on three principles: 1. the use of the word "mar" (mar) meaning "magar" (magar/ except or unless) in ethnic and local cultures from ancient times to the present; 2. the semantic use of "mar" (mar) in positions where "magar" (magar/ except or unless) is used; 3. the closeness of the reduction of "ar" and "agar" with "mar" (mar) and "magar" (magar/except or unless). Of course, it should be noted beforehand that the present research is the beginning of an important topic, and for its completion, one can hope for more research. 5.Conclusion Although the word "mar" has been speculated upon many times in various books, it can be acknowledged that almost none of them reached a specific meaning for it. The present study proposes that in all cases where "mar" appears in ancient texts, it could be an abbreviation of "magar" (magar/ except or unless). In all the meanings where "magar" (magar/ except or unless) is used, "mar" has also been used with the same meaning. This research indicates that just as "agar" has been reduced to "ar", "magar" (magar/ except or unless) has also been reduced to "mar". Moreover, in all the meanings where "magar" (magar/ except or unless) is used, "mar" has also been used, and this word is probably the same abbreviation of "magar" (magar/ except or unless). Furthermore, in many dialects today, "magar" (magar/ except or unless) is still pronounced as "mær" (mar). Select Bibliography Abrams, M.H., Geoffrey Galt Harpham. A Glossary Of Literary Terms, ninth edition. 1946. Bahar, Mohammad Taqi. Stylistics or History of the Development of Persian Prose, Tehran, Zavar Publications, fifth edition. 2013.[In Persian] Beyhaqi, Mohammad bin Hossein. History of Beyhaqi, by Khalil Khatib Rahbar, Tehran, Mehtab Publications, 11th edition 2008. [In Persian] Cuddon, J.A. Dictionary of Literary Terms & Literary Theory, fourth edition, New York: Penguin Reference. 1998. Dehkhoda, Ali Akbar. Dictionary, second edition of new edition, Tehran: Tehran University Press. 1999. [In Persian] Hassan Doost, Mohammad. Etymological Dictionary of Persian Language, Tehran, Farhangistan Publishing House, Volume IV, Second Edition. 2013. [In Persian] Khalaf Tabrizi, Mohammad Hossein ibn. Borhan E Qatea, by the efforts of Dr. Mohammad Moin, Ibn Sina Bookstore, Tehran, volume 4, 2nd edition. 1963. [In Persian] Natel Khanleri, Parviz. Historical Grammar of Persian Language, edited by Efat Mostasharanya, Tos Publications, Tehran, 10th edition. 2015. [In Persian] Saadi, Mosleh bin Abdullah. Golestan Saadi, corrected and explained by Gholamhossein Yousefi, Tehran, Kharazmi Publications, 7th edition. 2006. [In Persian] Shamisa, Sirous. (1999). Generalities of stylistics, 6th edition, Tehran: Ferdous Publications. 1999. [In Persian] یکی از معماهایی که در لغت‌نامه‌ها و کتاب‌های سبک‌شناسی همواره مطرح شده، استفاده از واژة «مر» در متون کهن است. این واژه در لغت‌نامه‌ها به گونه‌ای آمده که دربارة معنای قطعی آن اظهار بی‌اطلاعی شده‌است و تنها با توجه به شواهد و قرائن، به دنبال یافتن حدود معنایی آن شده‌اند. با بررسی لغت‌نامه‌ها، معنای استواری برای آن پیدا نشد. در کتاب سبک‌شناسی بهار هم اطلاعی متقن دربارة این واژه داده نشده و با حدس و گمان به حدود معنایی آن اشاره شده‌است. این جُستار ضمن رعایت احتیاط پژوهشی بر آن است که واژۀ «مر» در تمامی مواضع می‌تواند مخفف مگر باشد. چنان‌که «ار» مخفف اگر است. این «مر» (مخفف مگر) هنوز هم در زبان و گویش‌های محلی امروز کاررفت دارد. در فرهنگ‌های کردی، لکی، لری، بختیاری، «مر» را مخفف مگر دانسته‌اند. دیگر این‌که مگر در متون کهن در معانی مختلفی چون تأکید، شک، پرسش، استثنا، حصر و ... به‌کار رفته‌است. «مر» هم در این معانی کاررفت داشته‌است. پژوهش حاضر براساس شاهدمثال‌های مختلف در پی اثبات این امر است.

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دانشگاه گیلان زبان فارسی و گویش‌های ایرانی 2476-6585 8 2 2024 01 21 Investigation the System and Morphology of the Verb in the Bolkheyr Dialect بررسی دستگاه و صرف فعل در گویش بوالخیری 179 203 7982 10.22124/plid.2024.26694.1663 FA سهراب غلامی دانش‌آموخته کارشناسی ارشد زبان‌های باستان ایران، دانشگاه شیراز، شیراز، ایران فرخ حاجیانی استاد بخش زبان‌های خارجی و زبانشناسی، دانشگاه شیراز، شیراز، ایران. جلال رحیمیان استاد بخش زبان‌های خارجی و زبانشناسی، دانشگاه شیراز، شیراز، ایران. Journal Article 2024 02 05 Bolkheyr village is the center of Bolkheyr rural district of Delvar district in Tangestan county of Bushehr province. Bolkheyr dialect is a type of Tangsir dialect. To form the linguistic corpus of this research, interviews with speakers were used to record their speech, and the method of carrying out this research is a combination of field and descriptive–analytical methods with a library tools. The data have been collected and described with the help of the International Phonetic Alphabet. In this research, constructions of the verbs, the place of stress and Morphology of verbs in mood, different tenses and aspects have been analyzed. Based on the results, the verb in this dialect has two participle, past or present, and imperative, subjunctive or indicative moods. One of the important features of this dialect is the ergative active participle of past transitive verbs. This state is split-ergativity in the Bolkheyr dialect. In this dialect, Morphology of verbs are used in the present and past tenses, and there is no standard Persian future verb structure and the same indicative present is also used to express the future. Stress on most positive and negative verbs of this dialect is on the first syllable. Extended abstract 1.Introduction "Tangestan" county is one of the regions of Bushehr province, which is worthy of attention in terms of dialectology, dialectal and accent diversity, and the originality of words. "Bolkheyr" is one of the rural district of Delvar district of Tangistan county, the center of which is the village of Bolkheyr. Bolkheyr rural district is bordered by Delvar rural district from the north, Dashti county from the south and east, and Persian Gulf from the west. The people of this village speak Bolkheyr dialect. Among the most important issues related to the activity in the field of this authentic dialect, we can point out the lack of scientific and linguistic researches about the Tangsir dialect, especially in the Bolkheyr district, and the gradual forgetting of the spoken examples of this dialect. Knowing the Bolkheyr dialect can also help to understand some grammatical and lexical problems of the Persian language. The purpose of this research is to investigate the verb system in the Bolkheyr dialect, which was done by relying on the linguistic corpus. Knowing this, both the grammar analysis was done and a part of its selected vocabulary was given as a sample, for the readers to be familiar with the dialect. 2.Theoretical Framework The foundation of this research (Corpus) formed based on the guide book for collecting Iranian dialects, with the approach of exploring the demands of the research (examination of the device and Morphology of the verb in the Bolkheyr dialect). In analyzing the linguistic Corpus, in the field of structure and Morphology and grammatical topics related to verbs and pronouns, we have referred to the following books: "Persian grammar from the perspective of typology" by Shahrazad Mahutian, understanding Syntax by Maggie Tallerman, Persian Language History by Mohsen Abolqasemi, "Persian Language Syntax" by Hasan Anvari and Hasan Ahmadi-Givi and "The Making of Persian Language" by Jalal Rahimian. 3.Methodology The method of conducting this research is a combination of field and descriptive-analytical methods with a library tool, and the required data is also collected using the same methods and with the help of the International Phonetic Alphabet (I.P.A). In this research, several speakers (10 people in total) have been interviewed, most of them are illiterate (four men and three women, mostly 60 years old. The steps of the current research can be presented as follows: 1- Selection of authentic and native speakers of the region. 2- Interviewing selected speakers and recording their speech. 3- Transcription and translation of the speech recorded from speakers. 4- Analyzing the linguistic corpus and achieving the research demands in the field of the device and morphology of verb. 4.Results & Discussion In Bolkheyr dialect, the verb has the characteristics of person and number, tense, transitive, mood, and BAB (forms), and almost all constructions of definite and indefinite past tense and present participle verbs in Standard Persian can be found in it as well. However, the special structure of future verbs, similar to what we have in Persian (such as “I will go”), does not exist in the dialect, and the same present participle construction is also used to express the future. In most of the positive and negative verbs of the Bolkheyr dialect, the reliance is on the first syllable. In this dialect, past and present stems are the building blocks of verbs. The past stem in this dialect are usually made by adding /-i/ or /-d/ to the present stem. The present stem in this dialect is usually a remnant of the Middle Persian period. In general, in this dialect, the agreement between the subject and the verb is the same as in standard Persian, and the verb agrees to the subject of the sentence in terms of person & number. In terms of role, words in this dialect often have a specific position. Of course, the structural arrangement in some cases has flexibility. For example, in this dialect, the verb is usually placed at the end of the sentence like standard Persian; but rarely, the penultimate sentence is also seen. In this dialect, there are imperative, subjunctive or indicative moods. The ergative mode (a heritage of Pahlavi Middle Persian Grammar) can be seen in the subject of most of the past transitive verbs of Bolkheyr dialect, which is very similar to the ergative structure of Ardakani dialect (spoken in Fars province in Iran). This mode is split-ergativity in the dialect of Bolkheyr, and saving exceptional cases, it is not seen in the present and future tenses. 5.Conclusion & Suggestions Based on the results, the verb in this dialect has two participles, past or present, and imperative, subjunctive or indicative moods. One of the important features of this dialect is the ergative active participle of past transitive verbs. This state is split-ergativity in the Bolkheyr dialect. In this dialect, conjugation of verbs is used in the present and past tenses, and present indicative is also used to express the future. On most of the affirmative and negative verbs of the dialect stress is on the first syllable. Select Bibliography Anvari, H. and Ahmadi-Givi, H. Persian grammar. 2 vol. Fatemi Publications. 2016. [In Persian] Comrie, B. "Ergativity, In Syntactic Typology: Studies in the Phenomenology of Language". Austin: University of Texas Press, 1978; 329-94. Gholami, S. Linguistics study of Tangsir dialect (Bolkheyr): Phonetics, Morphology, Syntax, Etymology and Research in Selected Vocabulary. Master's thesis Ancient languages of Iran, Shiraz University. 2021. [In Persian] Gholami, S. and Hajiyani, F. "Description of the phonological system of the Bolkheyr dialect using the IPA method". Iranian Linguistics and Dialects. 2023; 8(2): 185-215. [In Persian] doi: 10.22099/JILL.2023.48056.1353 Hajiyani, F."Comparative and historical investigation of ergative verb construction in dialects Ardakani, Dashti, Dashtaki, Yazd's Jews and Lari". Teaching language skills, 2018; (1): 21- 40. [In Persian] Khalili, M. Descriptive-diachronic study of the phonological system and Morphology of nouns and verbs Tangsir dialect. Master's Thesis of Ancient Iranian Languages, Bu-Ali University of Hamedan. 2019. [In Persian] Persian Language and Literature Academy. Guide to collecting Iranian dialects. Tehran. 2019. [In Persian] Pur-ebrahim, Sh. and Vahedi-Langrudi, M M. "Description and review of the verb system In the dialect of Delvar". Special issue of Persian Language and Literature Academy: Iranian languages and dialects, 2012; (2): 107-123. [In Persian] Silverstein, M. "Hierarchy of Features and Ergativity, In Grammatical Categories in Australian Languages, R. M. W. Dixon (Ed.), Canberra: Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies, 1976; 112-171. Tallerman, M. Understanding Syntax, 4rd Ed., London: Hodder Education. 2015. مرکز دهستان بوالخیرِ بخش دلوار از شهرستان تنگستانِ استان بوشهر، روستای بوالخیر است. بوالخیری، گونه‌ای از گویش تنگستانی (تنگسیری) است. برای تشکیل پیکرۀ زبانی این پژوهش، از مصاحبه با گویشوران، ضبط گفتار و آوانگاری داده‌های صوتی استفاده ‌شده و روش این پژوهش، ترکیبی از روش‌های میدانی و توصیفی– تحلیلی با ابزاری کتابخانه‌ای است. داده‌ها با همین روش‌ها و با کمک الفبای آوانگاری بین‌المللی (I.P.A) جمع‌آوری، واکاوی و توصیف شده‌اند. در پژوهش حاضر، تجزیة ساختاری و استخراج ویژگی‌ها و ساختمان افعال، جایگاه تکیه و صرف افعال در وجه، باب و زمان‌های مختلف در بوالخیری، واکاوی شده‌است. براساس یافته‌ها، فعل در این گویش دارای دو مادۀ گذشته یا حال و وجوه امری، التزامی یا اخباری است. از ویژگی‌های مهم این گویش، می‌توان به حالت ارگتیو فاعلِ افعال ماضی متعدی اشارهکرد. این حالت در بوالخیری، به‌صورت کنایی گسسته است. در این گویش، صرف افعال معلوم و مجهول در زمان‌های حال و گذشته است و ساختار خاص افعال آیندۀ فارسی معیار وجود ندارد و همان فعل مضارع اخباری برای بیان فعل مستقبل بهکار می‌رود. تکیه در اغلب افعالِ مثبت و منفیِ این گویش، بر هجای اول است.

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دانشگاه گیلان زبان فارسی و گویش‌های ایرانی 2476-6585 8 2 2024 01 21 A Survey of Persian Dialectal Versified Glossaries in Recent Centuries بررسی نصاب‌های گویشی فارسی در سده‌های اخیر 205 222 8005 10.22124/plid.2024.28182.1684 FA ثریا رضوی دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد زبان‌شناسی همگانی، دانشکدۀ ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه بیرجند، بیرجند، ایران. محمدامین ناصح استادیار گروه زبان‌شناسی، دانشکدۀ ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه بیرجند، بیرجند، ایران. Journal Article 2024 08 15 Dialectal versified dictionaries, as an example of didactic poetry, in recent centuries, are compiled to protect dialectal words. Among the old dialect dictionaries, we can mention "Nesab-e Jame-al-Loghat" (10th AH), "Nesab-e Sabuhi" and "Nesab-e Tabari" (13th AH), most of these examples are based on the model of "Nesab al-Sabiyan" Abu Nasr Farahi (7th AH). In Iran, due to ethnic and racial diversity, we are faced with a wide range of local languages and dialects. Since a long time ago. one of the effective ways to protect their prosperity in the young generation has been using the language of poetry in order to simplify the process of memorizing dialect words. Despite this, for many languages and dialects of our country, we do not have a systematic dictionary in the form of versified glossary "Nesab". The present article aims to present examples of poetic dialect glossaries, and point out their structural features so that it may be an incentive to revive this poetic tradition as one of the approaches of lexicography in the contemporary period. Extended abstract 1.Introduction "Nisab" is an Arabic word that means a certain limit of something for which other meanings are mentioned in the dictionaries. In literary terms, "Nisab" is a poem that usually has a word or words translated from one language to another in each verse. In other words, Nisab is a kind of rhymed dictionary so that words can be remembered better. Nisabs are generally written to teach science and technology, and do not necessarily have a poetic aspect (Akhwan Mahdavi, 2015: 63). Naibi (2013) based on the existing rhymed dictionaries in the history of Iranian literature, has divided the Nisab into three categories in terms of subject diversity. The "dialectal Nisabs" are a subset of "Linguistic Nisabs". In defining linguistic Nisab in poetry and literature, Naibi says it is explaining the words from one language to another language or to find its equivalents. This poetic art was created by bilingual poets. These Nisabs have been organized to teach and transfer the words of one language or dialect to the speakers of another language. Therefore, its composers should have sufficient command in both languages or dialects (Naibi, 2013: 10). Nisabs are often composed in the range of 200 to 500 verses, which include about 7 to 10 forms of prosody. The Nisabs that have additional verses to explain the words, even include more than 500 verses (Naibi, 2013: 12). Among the published Nisabs on Persian language dialects, the following can be mentioned: Niaz Hijazi's "Comprehensive Dictionary of Vocabularies" (second half of the 10th century AH), in which the author defines some words and combinations that represent the natural language of the region in his time. Birjandi's dialectal words include: "Sabuhi versified dictionary" ( 13th century) by Mulla Ali Ashraf Sabohi, and "Andalib Nisab" (current century) by Saeed Andalib, "Nasab Tabari" by Amir Teimur Qajar (1264 AH), "Gorgani Nisab" by Seyed Reza Erfani (1943-1947), "Gorgani Nisab" by Nasrollah Safai (second half of the present century), "Shoshtar Nisab" by Mohammad Baqer Niromand (1970), "Sabzevari Nisab" by Seyed Ali Naqi Amin (second half of the current century), and also two books on the local words of the Semnani dialect in 2013 and 2015 by Mohammad Reza Jadidi; and a poem by Mohammad Baqer Nayeri and Farhang Shkouhi which will be introduced in this article. 2.Theoretical framework As an example of versified dictionary, Nisabs have less lexical richness than today's dictionaries. In comparison to non-versified dictionaries, they have a small volume in terms of the range and number of words, and the words that appear in the dictionary section are mostly everyday words in colloquial language. The uncommon and difficult words for writing are rarely seen in them. The meaning of all words is not expressed correctly due to the observance of poetic rules and restrictions such as rhyme and prosody. A word that conforms to the rules of poetry usually is chosen for the meaning of each word. In addition to Nisabs, we can mention Alfiyes, Tohfes, Arjozes, and other educational epopees as a kind of didactic literature. 3.Research method In this article, the research is carried out in a library form including: articles and related research, dissertations and published books. For studying the dialect’s words in some cases it was necessary to access the manuscripts of those words. Then various dialectal Nisabs from the past to the present have been identified and their structural features have been mentioned. In the meantime, the various considerations of Nisabs, the structure of presenting words and the pattern of setting words according to the type of each Nisabs have been introduced. Finally, a report has been presented on the comparison of dialects’ Nisabs. Since Nisabs are considered a kind of dictionary and since lexicography is intertwined with linguistics, we have tried to have a look at the structural parameters of Nisabs from this point of view. 4.Findings and discussion Compiling and organizing the dialectal dictionaries is one of the ways that helps preserving the local languages and dialects. Among them, versified dictionaries, which are mainly based on the old Nisabs, due to their rhyme, help a lot in memorizing these dialect words. The Nisabs introduced in this article based on their regulatory structure can be classified into prefaced and non-prefaced Nisabs composed in Persian dialects. It is interesting to note that the difference between these Nisabs and the emotional poems of other poets is that these versified dictionaries are mainly composed in a various prosodic environment. They often lack poetic charms. On the other hand, using poetry as a tool to address some scientific issues is considered one of the capabilities of some literary scholars who have used the capacity of prosodic features to reflect educational issues, and this innovation helps to facilitate learning these dialect words. 5.Conclusion Languages and dialects, as a mirror of the native and national culture of Iranians, have faced serious threats in recent years due to the influx of media waves into villages and remote areas, and as a result, urbanization and increase migration to big cities. By reviewing the methods of dealing with words and their meanings in dialectal Nisabs, we can come up with solutions such as: consecutively presenting the dialect’s words and their meanings and vice versa; presenting the meaning of a dialect word with another dialect word; presenting the meaning of a dialect word by using its opposite meaning; presenting the meaning of a dialect word in the form of a sentence; and presenting the meaning of a dialect word with a synonym in another dialect or language that was used by the writers of Nisabs. Select Bibliography Akhavan Mahdavi, Mahmoud. Literature and Dialect of Rhyme words (Examination of Two Poems by Gorgani Nisab), Cultural Journal, 2015; 2(6): 62-70. [in Persian] Jadidi, Mohammadreza. Nisab of Semnani vocabulary, Semnan: Hableroud. 2022. [in Persian] Hasanalizadeh, Samaneh. Shahidi, Ali. Zarshenas, Zohre. The function of bilingual Persian-Turkish versified dictionaries in the transmission of Persian language knowledge during the Ottoman period in Anatolia, Persian Language and Literature Journal, Tabriz University, 2022; 75(245): 73-96. [in Persian] Dehrami, Mehdi. Scientific and educational versified story in Persian literature and investigation of the course in its content (Up to the 9th century), Journal of Literary Essays, 2015; 49(4): 1-22. [in Persian] Zabihi, Ali. Nisab of Tabari Majlis and Hazliat of Amir Mazandarani, Miras Report, 2012; 7(1 and 2): 46-53. [in Persian] Rezaei, Jamal. Mullah Ali-Ashraf Sabohi's versified dictionary in the Birjandi dialect, Magazine of literature faculty of Tehran University, 1966; 13(3): 1-144. [in Persian] Rezaei, Jamal. Birjandi Dialect (First part: Versified dictionary of Mullah Ali Ashraf Sabohi), Tehran: Tehran University Press. 1965. [in Persian] Kiya, Sadeq. Tabari dictionary of dialect words in seven Persian dictionaries. Tehran: Tehran University Press. 1948. [in Persian] Nayebi, Mohammad Sadeq. Sadeq Nisab. East Azerbaijan/Miane: Naibi. 2004. [in Persian] Niroumand, Mohammad Bagher. Nisab of Shushtar (Shushtari dictionary in the form of poetry), Ahvaz: Niromand. 1970. [in Persian] نصاب‌های زبانی و گویشی به‌عنوان نمونه‌ای از شعر تعلیمی در سده‌های اخیر با هدف کمک به حراست از واژه‌های زبانی و گویشی تنظیم شده‌اند. از واژه‌نامه‌های گویشی کهن می‌توان به «نصاب جامع‌اللغات» (قرن دهم هجری)، «نصاب صبوحی» و «نصاب طبری» (قرن سیزدهم هجری) اشاره کرد که اغلب براساس الگوی «نصاب‌الصبیان» ابونصر فراهی (قرن هفتم هجری) تدوین شده‌اند. در ایران با گسترۀ وسیعی از زبان‌ها و گویش‌های محلی مواجه هستیم و از دیرباز یکی از راه‌های مؤثر حفظ و کمک به رونق آنها بهره‌گیری از زبان شعر برای ساده‌سازی بهخاطرسپاری واژه‌های گویشی بوده‌است. وزن و قافیه و سادگی مضامین می‌تواند کمک شایانی به حفظ لغات و اصطلاحات گویشی کند. با وجود این برای بسیاری از زبان‌ها و گویش‌های کشورمان فرهنگ لغت منظومی در قالب «نصاب» در اختیار نداریم. مقالۀ حاضر بر آن است تا ضمن ارائة نمونه‌هایی از اشعار نصاب‌های گویشی موجود به ویژگی‌های ساختاری آنها اشاره نماید تا انگیزه‌ای برای احیای این سنت شعری به‌عنوان یکی از رویکردهای فرهنگ‌نویسی در ایران باشد.

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