per
دانشگاه گیلان
زبان فارسی و گویشهای ایرانی
2476-6585
2783-5499
2018-08-23
3
1
7
29
10.22124/plid.2018.7746.1155
3073
Original Article
بررسی کارکردهای گفتمانی وجه فعل در غزل پستمدرن
Discourse Functions of Verb Mood in Postmodern Sonnets
علی صفایی سنگری
safayi.ali@gmail.com
1
سمیه قربانپور دلیوند
somaye.ghorbanpoor59@gmail.com
2
دانشیار زبان و ادبیات فارسی، دانشگاه گیلان
دانشجوی دکتری زبان و ادبیات فارسی، دانشگاه علامه طباطبایی تهران
فعل بهعنوان اصلیترین عنصر هر پیام، نشاندهندۀ جهتگیری ذهنی گوینده در ایجاد پیام است. شیوههای گوناگون حضور، غیاب، ساختار، نمود، وجه و ... یک فعل میتواند در بردارندۀ اغراض مشخص گفتمانی در هر پارۀ گفتار باشد. در میان ویژگیهای فعل در نحو زبان فارسی، زبانشناسی نقشگرا و تحلیل گفتمان انتقادی، وجه و وجهیت فعل را که مرتبط با تلقی گوینده از وقوع یا عدم وقوع فعل همراه با احتمال، شرط، آرزو، امر یا جز آن است، باید حامل معانی اصلی گفتمانی دانست. در این پژوهش با تمرکز بر برخی مجموعهغزلهای پستمدرن، وجه فعل از بعد معنایی (وجهیت توانمندی، وجهیت درخواستی و وجهیت برداشتی) و همچنین علتها و شیوههای گزینش هر یک از وجوه اخباری، التزامی و امری بررسی شده و سعی گردیدهاست تا ارتباط یا تعارض این وجوه، با گفتمان غالب مشخص گردد. یافتهها حاکی از نقش محوری وجه فعل در شفافیت اغراض گفتمانی غزل پستمدرن و تأثیر آن بر سایر عناصر همنشین در محور کلام است و اینکه چگونه گزینش پُربسامد برخی وجوه، نظیر وجه التزامی به یکی از مختصات سبکی در غزل پستمدرن بدل شدهاست.
Extended abstract
1. Introduction
Various properties of each verb can encompass certain intentions among which mood and modality can be considered as the bearer of the main discourse meanings. In this study, various moods of verbs, and the reasons and ways of choosing indicative, subjunctive and imperative moods in postmodern sonnets (ghazal) have been investigated and the relationship or conflict of these moods with respect to dominant discourse is characterized.
Postmodernism in Iran emerged in the 1990s and, in particular, in poetry by Reza Barahani. Paradox, defamiliarization, anti-enlightenment, desire for turmoil, colloquial language and language games are the main characteristics of postmodern poetry. A decade later, postmodernism entered classical poetry, and in this context, several works with features such as deviation, attention to language games, anti-enlightenment, deconstruction of common structures, dialogism and nihilism were created.
2. Theoretical framework
Modality as a constituent of sentence, reflects the attitude of the speaker about the accuracy of an utterance and the speaker's certainty in expressing a proposition that defines the type of social relations. Verb modality is a set of grammatical tools employed to show the speaker's attitude in the verb. Grammarians have enumerated three up to seven types of verb mood and have defined it as the occurrence or non-occurrence of an action in the form of indication, probability and imperative. Concerning the difference between the two ones, modality and mode have been considered to be semantic and grammatical categories in turn.
3. Methodology
In this study, ten sets of postmodern sonnets have been investigated through qualitative method. The verb moods in these specific poems have been specified and their discursive functions have been examined.
4. Results and discussion
The use of an indicative mood in the present time represents a direct and passive narrative and shows the speaker's certainty in the veracity of propositions. The indicative mood is sometimes used in the sense of a subjunctive. Together with subjunctive elements such as modal verbs and adverbs, it creates a semantic change. Subjunctive mood also carries a sense of regret and emptiness. Imperative mood which often conveys a respectful and sincere request in the postmodern sonnet is more common in the form of present imperative. This mode changes the uniaxial speech and engages the poet in a conversation with the audience.
5. Conclusions and suggestions
To strengthen the certainty of utterances, poets make use of past and present indicative mood and in cases of uncertainty or hesitation and expression of regret, subjunctive mood is usually used. This challenge in the verb tense in the subjunctive mood is a discourse feature. In imperative mood, the poet engages the audience through directly addressing them in the process of creating meaning, getting out of passivity of other moods while contributing to the action and functionality of propositions.
https://zaban.guilan.ac.ir/article_3073_39ea99ac4e78e493c00b788307f12baf.pdf
غزل پستمدرن
گفتمان
وجهیت
وجه اخباری
وجه التزامی
وجه امری
Postmodern sonnet
Discourse
Indicative mood
Subjunctive mood
Imperative mood
per
دانشگاه گیلان
زبان فارسی و گویشهای ایرانی
2476-6585
2783-5499
2018-08-23
3
1
31
56
10.22124/plid.2018.3074
3074
Original Article
بررسی استعارههای خشم در زبانهای فارسی، کردی و گیلکی در چهارچوب شناختی
Metaphors of Anger in Persian, Kurdish, and Guilaki: A cognitive Linguistics Perspective
مهری روحی
mehri_rouhi@yahoo.com
1
بلقیس روشن
bl_rovshan@pnu.ac.ir
2
محمد راسخ مهند
mrasekhmahand@yahoo.com
3
دانشجوی دکتری زبانشناسی همگانی، دانشگاه پیام نور، تهران
دانشیار گروه زبانشناسی همگانی، دانشگاه پیام نور، تهران
استاد گروه زبانشناسی همگانی، دانشگاه بوعلی سینای همدان
در پژوهش میدانی و توصیفی- تحلیلی حاضر، به بررسی ساختار مفهومی خشم در سه زبان فارسی، کردی و گیلکی پرداختهایم. روش مطالعه، تحلیل الگوی استعاری است که استفانوییچ (2006) پیشنهاد نمودهاست. چهارچوب نظری در بررسی استعاره، مدل انطباقی لیکاف و جانسون (1980) و در بررسی استعاره احساسات و نقش فرهنگ در شکلگیری آن، رویکرد کووچش (2005) است. عبارات استعاری مبیّن خشم، در سه زبان با مصاحبه و گفتوگو با گویشوران گردآوری شد و پس از تحلیل و استخراج نگاشتها، شباهتها و تفاوتها مشخص گردید. نتایج نشان میدهد شباهتها ریشه در تجربیات یکسان انسانها از این حس، و تفاوتها ریشه در نگاه متفاوت فرهنگی و انتظارات متفاوت هر زبان از اعضای خود دارد.
Extended abstract
1. Introduction
Against the traditional view which considers metaphor as an ornamentation used in literature, cognitive linguistics holds that metaphor is not a deviant phenomenon of normal language, rather, it is a way of thought and a powerful instrument of cognition. It is apparently embedded in our cognition, and reflected in our language and action. Both our reasoning and emotion are conceptualized and structured metaphorically (Lakoff and Johnson, 1987).
Emotions, as an important aspect of human experience, have been among the focuses of cognitive linguistics. Emotions, which are experienced personally, are remarkably subjective and intangible in nature. Thus, metaphor can be regarded as an efficient tool to depict the emotions vividly.
The present study aims to examine and compare metaphorical expressions of anger in three western Iranian languages i.e. Persian, Kurdish and Guilaki. Stefanowitsch's (2006) metaphorical pattern analysis was used for collecting metaphors and the conceptual metaphor theory (Lakoff and Johnson, 1980) and Kovecses's cultural view (2005) were adopted as the analytical framework.
This paper tries to shed light into the similarities and differences between metaphorical expressions related to anger in these three languages. The findings of this study show that these languages share many metaphorical expressions of anger. The similarities can be attributed to the universality of conceptual metaphors and similar human experiences whereas differences in metaphorical expressions can be related to specific different cultural modes in these languages.
2. Theoretical framework
In this study, the standard conceptual metaphor theory (Lakoff and Johnson, 1980) and Kovecses's (2005) cultural approach were adopted as the analytical framework. The conceptual metaphor theory is so famous and some of its concepts and terms like source and target domains and mappings are well-known that there is no need to define and explain them again. Kovecses (2005) tries to explain the role of culture in forming metaphors. He introduces some universal and near- universal metaphors and explains the expectation which conceptual metaphors vary cross-culturally. Then, he classifies different kinds of this variation in three groups: congruent metaphors, alternative metaphors and unique metaphors. In this study, first, similarities and differences were recognized and then extracted metaphors were classified based on Kovecses's introduced groups.
3. Methodology
In this article, the spoken form of three Iranian languages i.e. Persian, Kurdish and Guilaki was the topic of investigation. The Data was collected by interviewing 40-70 year-old native speakers of these languages regardless of their gender. Persian, Kurdish and Guilaki are spoken in wide areas of Iran but three cities were chosen for gathering our data: Tehran, Saanandaj and Rudsar, respectively. Lexical items (anger, indignation and fury) referring to the target domain under investigation were selected and extracted in the corpus. Then, all metaphorical expressions were identified and categorized in coherent groups representing general mappings. Then, metaphorical expressions of these three languages were classified and compared.
4. Results and discussion
In the beginning, researchers expected a great deal of variation in metaphorical expressions of anger in these languages, especially Kurdish and Guilaki, because Kurdish is spoken in cold mountainous regions and Guilaki is spoken in mild and humid climate. It was expected that more harsh metaphors might be found in Kurdish and more colorful metaphors in Guilaki, but it was not so.
Islam is the religion of almost all speakers of these languages, and the trace of religion was seen in forming some metaphors in these languages.
The analysis of our data revealed that anger is heat/fire/animal behavior was frequently used in these languages. However, anger is darkness and anger is death/forgetfulness were just seen in Kurdish and Guilaki, respectively. After classifying metaphors, no unique metaphor was detected. But congruent metaphors were more than alternative metaphors.
5. Conclusions and suggestions
This study tried to investigate metaphorical expressions of anger in three western Iranian languages. After identifying and classifying anger metaphors in these languages, some similarities and differences were recognized. Similarities can be the result of the same human experiences or the same origin of these three languages. Differences can be related to different cultures.
The reasons for this variation cannot be obviously explained unless some other studies are done on Iranian languages from different branches and the results compared with the results of this study.
Also, some studies can be done on languages whose speakers have different religions, because it seems that religion can also influence conceptualization. Investigating and comparing conceptualization in spoken and written forms of languages can be another interesting topic of study.
https://zaban.guilan.ac.ir/article_3074_1478078588fbddd1166acc00f3feb7af.pdf
معنیشناسی شناختی
استعارۀ مفهومی
خشم
فارسی
کردی
گیلکی
cognitive semantics
metaphorical pattern analysis (MPA)
congruent metaphors
alternative metaphors and unique metaphors
per
دانشگاه گیلان
زبان فارسی و گویشهای ایرانی
2476-6585
2783-5499
2018-08-23
3
1
57
73
10.22124/plid.2018.9772.1242
3075
Original Article
دستور ساختمدار: شواهدی از گروه اسمی مرکب در زبان فارسی
Construction Grammar: Evidence from Complex DP in Persian
علی صفری
alisafari228@gmail.com
1
استادیار زبان انگیسی، دانشگاه حضرت معصومة قم
گروه اسمی متممساز به لحاظ معنایی متمم و به لحاظ نحوی ادات محسوب میشود و در زبانشناسی زایشی جایگاههای متفاوتی برای ادات و متمم در ساخت جمله مفروض است و راهی برای حل این تضاد وجود ندارد. مسألۀ دیگر مربوط به جایگاههای متفاوت گروه متممساز در جمله است. گروه متممساز میتواند از درون گروه اسمی خارج و در جایگاه پس از فعل ظاهر شود. زبانشناسان در چارچوب دستور زایشی، یک ساخت را پایه و ساخت دیگر را ساخت مشتق میدانند که در اثر حرکت گروه متممساز به وجود میآید. در این مقاله نشان میدهیم که تحلیل مبتنی بر حرکت نمیتواند رفتار این عناصر را به خوبی توضیح دهد. نگارنده به پیروی از نظریۀ دستور ساختمدار (گلدبرگ، 2006)، هر یک از ساختهای مذکور را یک ساخت مستقل در نظر میگیرد که هیچ رابطۀ اشتقاقی بین آنها مفروض نیست. در ساختار نحوی به پیروی از فرضیۀ نحو ساده (کالیکاور و جکندوف، 2005)، از پیکربندی مسطح برای ساختهای نحوی استفاده میشود که در آن ادات و متمم بهعنوان خواهر هسته، در ساخت جمله درج میشوند.
1. Introduction
This article aims to provide answers to a number of questions concerning Persian complex DPs containing an embedded CP. Most of the accounts concerning complex DPs have been proposed in generative grammar framework but none of them are free of problems. First, there is a mismatch of semantic and syntax of DP embedded CPs. Syntax requires it to be adjunct and semantics requires it to be complement. This sort of mismatch cannot be resolved in CG since it posits two different positions for complements and adjuncts.
The following sentences illustrate an instance of a complex DP containing an embedded CP in modern spoken Persian. Case (1a) contains a complex DP in object position and case (1b) a complex DP in subject position.
(1) a hame [DP in vaqeyiat ]-o [CP ke Hasan bigonahe] mipaziran[1]
all this fact - OM that Hasan innocent accept
Everybody accept this fact that Hasan is innocent.
b [DP in vaqeyiat ] [CP ke Hasan bigonahe] hama ro xoshhal kard
this fact that Hasan innocent all OM happy made
This fact that Hasan is innocent made everybody happy.
As illustrated by the sentences in (1), the demonstrative ‘in’ (this), which can also function as a pronominal elsewhere in the language, may be accompanied by an NP from a class of expressions including vaqe’iyyat ‘fact’, edde’a ‘claim’, dastan ‘story’, xabar ‘news’ and other such proposition denoting nouns (Aghayi, 2006).
The other issue is the possibility of associate CP to be disjointed of DP and appear postverbally. In 2(b) The CP associate of complex DP is separated of the DP and follows the verb. The relative data is given in (2).
(2) a hame [DP in vaqeyiat ]-o [CP ke Hasan bigonahe] mipaziran
all this fact - OM that Hasan innocent accept
Everybody accept this fact that Hasan is innocent.
b hame [DP in vaqeiat ]-o mipaziran [CP ke Hasan bigonahe]
all this fact -OM accept that Hasan innocent
Everybody accept the fact that Hasan is innocent.
In this paper complex DP in Persian will be discussed within the theory of Construction Grammar (Goldberg, 1995). As for internal structure of complex DP, following Simpler Syntax Hypothesis (Culicover and Jackendoff, 2005) a flat configuration were employed in which complements and adjuncts are combined with their head as sisters.
2. Theoretical Framework: Simpler Syntax and Construction Grammar
A new theoretical approach to language has emerged in the past 10–15 years that allows linguistic observations about form–meaning pairings, known as ‘constructions’, to be stated directly. Constructionist approaches aim to account for the full range of facts about language, without assuming that a particular subset of the data is part of a privileged ‘core’. Researchers in this field argue that unusual constructions shed light on more general issues, and can illuminate what is required for a complete account of language. Constructions - form and meaning pairings - have been the basis of major advances in the study of grammar since the days of Aristotle. Observations about specific linguistic constructions have shaped our understanding of both particular languages and the nature of language itself. But only recently has a new theoretical approach emerged that allows observations about constructions to be stated directly, providing long-standing traditions with a framework that allows both broad generalizations and more limited patterns to be analyzed and accounted for fully. Constructions are stored pairings of form and function, including morphemes, words, idioms, partially lexically filled and fully general linguistic patterns. To capture differences in meaning or discourse properties between surface forms, constructionist theories do not derive one construction from another, as is commonly done in mainstream generative theory so there is no derivational relationship between constructions. Constructions form a hierarchy with higher- level construction on top from which lower- level construction inherit their features. The structure of a construction is shown in (3).
form
meaning
(3)The structure of a construction
As for syntactic structure, the theory of Simpler Syntax Hypothesis were employed. The position advocated by the Simpler Syntax Hypothesis is that syntactic structure should be minimum necessary to map between phonological and semantic structures. Based on this hypothesis the appropriate complexity for syntax is relatively flat; Headed phrases that are linearly ordered and that correspond to constituents in Conceptual Structure. There are no hierarchical distinction between attachment of the complements and adjuncts. Some examples are shown in Figure )4(. Figure 4(a) is the configuration for [The long story about Bill] and 4(b) for [give Harry a book on Tuesday](4).
3. Results and Discussion
Based on Construction Grammar, there is no derivational relationship between sentences in 2(a) and 2(b). Each sentence is related to a construction shown in (5) and (6). (5) is the construction related to sentence 2(a) and (6) is related to the sentence 2(b) in which the CP is disjointed of the DP and appears after the verb.
Syntax: [V] [[CP]DP] [NP]
Semantics: V CP DP NP
(5) construction of the sentence 2(a)
Syntax: [CP] [V] [DP] [NP]
Semantics: CP V DP NP
(6) construction of the sentence 2(b)
There is a difference in semantics of constructions in (5) and (6). The CP in (6) is focused so it is written as bold in semantics of construction (6).
As for syntactic structure, based on Simpler Syntax Hypothesis, the structure of the sentences in (2) is shown in (7) and (8). The structure of the sentences are simple and flat.
(7) syntactic structure of 2(a)
(8) syntactic structure of 2(b)
Each construction in (6) and (7) inherit their features from a higher level construction. The inheritance relation an hierarchy of constructions is shown in (9).
Clause
[ [V] [NP]]VP [NP] [[CP] [V]]VP [NP]
[[V] [[CP] DP]]VP [NP] [[CP] [V] [DP]]VP [NP]
(9) Inheritance of Constructions
4. Conclusion
Based on Construction Grammar (Goldberg, 1995) two different constructions were proposed to account for different positions of CP. There is no movement or derivational relationship between two constructions. As for internal structure of complex DP, following Simpler Syntax Hypothesis (Culicover and Jackendoff, 2005) a flat configuration for syntactic structures were employed in which complements and adjuncts are combined with their head as sisters. Based on this analysis, complex DP in Persian can provide strong evidence to support constructional account of Persian grammar.
https://zaban.guilan.ac.ir/article_3075_aab3527e4c0851129bdd1a55c548758b.pdf
گروه اسمی مرکب
گروه متممساز
دستور ساختمدار
فرضیۀ نحو ساده
ساخت
Complex DP
Complementizer Phrase
Construction Grammar
Simpler Syntax Hypothesis
Construction
per
دانشگاه گیلان
زبان فارسی و گویشهای ایرانی
2476-6585
2783-5499
2018-08-23
3
1
75
91
10.22124/plid.2018.9358.1221
3076
Original Article
نمود تکرار در زبان فارسی؛ نگاهی نو برپایۀ سازوکار دوگانسازی
Iterative Aspect in Persian: A New Perspective on the Basis of Reduplication
مرتضی دستلان
mo.dastlan@pnu.ac.ir
1
استادیار زبانشناسی همگانی، دانشگاه پیام نور، تهران، ایران
در این مقاله، ابتدا با تعیین دقیق مفهوم نمود تکرار و متمایز ساختن آن از سایر نمودهای موقعیتی و با بررسی دوگانساختهای فعلی در زبان فارسی، به فعلهای دوگانساختۀ نسبتاً جدیدی مانند «قیمهقیمه کردن»، «میومیو کردن»، «بپربپر کردن» و ... برخوردیم که دقیقاً مفهوم نمود تکرار را به ذهن متبادر میسازند. سپس به بررسی مؤلفههای نمودی این گونه فعلها پرداختیم و دیدیم اگرچه آنها دارای ساختار داخلی و الگوی درونی متغیرند و ادامه یافتن آنها محتاج صرف انرژی است و از این نظر شبیه نمود فعالیتاند اما به دلیل داشتن ویژگیهای غایی و تکراری بودن نمیتوان آنها را زیرمجموعۀ نمود فعالیت قرار داد. بنابراین با افزودن مؤلفۀ جدید «تکریری/ غیرتکریری» بودن به مجموعه مؤلفههای نمودی، نمود تکرار از نمودهای موقعیتی دیگر، نظیر نمود حالت، فعالیت و عادت متمایز شد و با مؤلفههای پویا، تداومی، غایی و تکریری بودن مفهومسازی گردید. ارائۀ تعریفی دقیق از نمود تکرار و متمایز ساختن آن از سایر نمودهای موقعیتی، یافتن نمونههایی از فعلهای دوگانساخته در زبان فارسی که مصداق کامل این نمودند و تعیین مؤلفههای آن، از دستاوردهای این مقاله است.
Extended abstract
1. Introduction
"Aspects are different ways of viewing the internal temporal constituency of a situation" (Comrie, 1976:3). In this definition, "the internal temporal constituency" refers to stativity, progression, repetition, internal change and telicity of the situation from speaker's perspective. The aspect that is inherent in the semantics of some content words like verbs is called lexical aspect or situation aspect. Iterative aspect is an interesting type of situation aspect that stands for the repetitive occurrence of an action in current situation. In this article, attempts are made to find out if there is any distinctive iterative aspect in Persian, how it is constructed, and what the aspectual features of iterative aspect are.
2.Theoretical Framework & Methodology
This is a descriptive-analytical research that has been conducted on the basis of Comrie's (1976) and Bybee, Perkins and Pagliuca's (1994) ideas.
3. Results and Discussion
Iterative aspect refers to the successive occurrence of several instances of the given situation; in other words, it denotes a single event that occurs repeatedly in a more or less short period of time. The most frequent method of expressing iterative aspect in various languages is the mechanism of reduplication. By studying verbal reduplicates in Persian, a relatively new type of reduplicated verbs was found that convey the exact meaning of iteration; verbs like "qeime qeime kardan" (slice slice to make: to mince), "miu miu kardan" (mew mew to make: to mew), "bepar bepar kardan" (fly fly to make: to gambol).
The aspectual features of iterative aspect is another issue that has been taken into consideration. The foregoing verbs that bear the notion of iteration have internal structure, their internal structure is continually changing, and the continuation of the verb requires effort and input of energy. In this respect, iteratives seem to fall in the category of activity aspect; but the other features like being telic and repetitive distinguish iteratives from other situation aspects like state, activity and habitual aspect. It seems that by introducing the new aspectual feature "±Iterative", iterative aspect can be distinguished from the other situational aspects and conceptualized exclusively as: dynamic, durative, telic and iterative.
4. Conclusions and suggestions
Referring back to the questions posed in the introductory part, it revealed that iterative aspect which is defined as successive repetition of an event in a current situation has a distinctive structure and is expressed by some full verbal reduplicates in Persian. The aspectual features of the above mentioned verbs that distinguish them from other situation aspects are: dynamic, durative, telic and iterative.
https://zaban.guilan.ac.ir/article_3076_9f767af04b9fbaa551015fcd3198c749.pdf
نمود
نمود تکرار
دوگانسازی
دوگانساختهای فعلی
زبان فارسی
Aspect
Iterative aspect
Reduplication
Verbal reduplicates
Farsi
per
دانشگاه گیلان
زبان فارسی و گویشهای ایرانی
2476-6585
2783-5499
2018-08-23
3
1
93
112
10.22124/plid.2018.9626.1232
3077
Original Article
تعارف و روابط اجتماعی ایرانیان: مطالعۀ موردی تعارف در آموزش زبان فارسی بهعنوان زبان دوم
Ceremonious politeness and Iranians’ social relations: A case study of teaching Persian as a second language
فاطمه جعفری
fateme.jafari24@gmail.com
1
ابوالقاسم غیاثی زارچ
ghiasizarch@gmail.com
2
کارشناس ارشد آموزش زبان فارسی، دانشگاه بینالمللی امام خمینی (ره) قزوین
استادیار آموزش زبان فارسی، دانشگاه بینالمللی امام خمینی (ره) قزوین
این مقاله با بهرهگیری از جامعهشناسی صوری زیمل و نظریۀ کنش گفتار آستین در زبانشناسی به بررسی جایگاه «تعارف ایرانی» در آموزش زبان فارسی و پیچیدگیهای کلامی آن میپردازد. نتایج تحقیق نشان میدهد تعارفهای کلامی و غیرکلامی ایرانیان در آموزش زبان فارسی بهعنوان زبان دوم، علاوهبر پیچیدگیهای بیانی، ازنظر صوری نیز برای زبانآموزان خارجی دشوار و گاه غیرقابل رمزگشایی است. این مشکل به دلیل آشنا نبودن زبانآموزان غیرفارسیزبان با ساختارهای اجتماعی تعارف و کنشهای گفتاری آنها پیش میآید. همچنین یافتهها نشان میدهد که مدیریت و برنامهریزی هدفمند، تربیت مدرسان کارآمد و تدوین منابع آموزشی که ظرافتهای فرهنگی تعارف را بیشتر در نظر میگیرند دشواریهای مواجهه با تعارف را از طرف زبانآموزان غیرفارسیزبان کمتر میکند. علاوهبراین، آشنایی با سازوکار فرهنگی تعارف، موجب دریافت بهتر پیامهای تعارف توسط زبانآموزان میشود به طوریکه در تقویت ارتباطات اجتماعی میتوانند آگاهانه از آن استفاده کنند.
Extended abstract 1. Introduction Using Simmel’s (1971) formal sociology and Austin’s (1962) performative utterance theory in linguistics, this article examines the role of ceremonious politeness (i.e., ta’arof) in teaching Persian as a Second Language. Ceremonious politeness is a prominent phenomenon in Iranians’ communications, which span from simple verbal and non-verbal social relations to written and formal correspondence. Aside from Iranians, foreign learners of the Persian language also encounter the phenomenon, but most often they are not able to decode this social protocol. Since, in their everyday life experiences with Persian, these individuals face ceremonious politeness, it is very important that they gain a better understanding of the social relationships of Iranians, establish a two-way communication with the people around them, and become familiar with both the verbal codes and social structures of the Iranian society. 2. Theoretical framework From a sociological perspective, ceremonious politeness is a social subject that relates to mutual relationships between individuals. Stressing the need to differentiate between social forms and their context, the German sociologist Simmel (1971: 25) argues that such distinction occurs through the abstraction of the form of mutual social interactions in different situations and different contexts. However, seen from Austin’s (1955) lens, the form of ceremonious politeness, which includes verbal and non-verbal communications, becomes important in teaching Persian as a Second Language. As such, Austin (1962) states that one can do many things with language as reaction to speech can help the speaker utter a word or words. 3. Methodology This study uses the exploratory method of phenomenology in order to understand foreign students’ experience with ceremonious politeness. Data were collected through random in-depth interviews with 48 respondents who were aged 18-45. These individuals were foreign students of advanced and graduate courses at Imam Khomeini University, Dehkhoda Institute’s International Centre for Teaching Persian, and Iranology at the University of Tehran. Interviews were digitally recorded and then carefully transcribed for content analysis. All interviews were conducted in Persian but from time to time English words were also used to resolve potential misunderstandings. 4. Results and discussion During the research, a majority of respondents happened to talk about their most common difficulties in learning Persian at different stages. Ceremonious politeness appeared to recur at all three levels of elementary, intermediate, and advance. At the elementary level, the form and context of ceremonious politeness remains unknown to them. For example, learners do not know that for ceremonies politeness to function, there is a need for both parties to take part in speaking so balance can be established. Given this lack of knowledge, when they encounter ceremonious politeness from Iranians, they put an end to the conversation by destroying the balance. At the intermediate level, they are familiar with the form of ceremonious politeness. They know that both sides need to express words so that the concept can maintain its meaning; however, they are not able to fully understand the verbal complexities and social protocols that underpin the concept and hence cannot decode it. Most of such misunderstandings appeared to happen when students participate in social activities and interactions. Finally, and at the advance level, students know both form and context and can understand the verbal complexities of ceremonious politeness. Yet, a full understanding of the social protocols and native codes and their details is still difficult. Such difficulties usually occur in individuals’ professional and social interactions. The study shows that most of such difficulties occur at the intermediate level, where learners are familiar with the form of ceremonious politeness but are still less familiar with the context of the phenomenon. 5. Conclusions and suggestions In teaching Persian as a Foreign Language, the sociological structures and verbal complexities should be taken into consideration. Familiarity with these can help increase learners’ knowledge of Iranians’ cultural behavior. It can also help learners understand ceremonious politeness and employ correct models in their communication. They will also acknowledge that ceremonious politeness is an indispensable part of Iranians’ language and culture and that they can use such knowledge in order to resolve cultural obstacles in their learning. Therefore, it is highly recommended that in teaching a cultural phenomenon such as ceremonious politeness, the characteristics of different levels of the language should be taken into account. Having said this, since the application of ceremonious politeness entails a wide range of social interactions, learners’ needs should also be taken into account and categorized into different areas such as individual, social, professional, educational, and training. Such categorization can help both the learners and the teachers identify the most applicable contexts in which ceremonious politeness is more likely to happen.
https://zaban.guilan.ac.ir/article_3077_846abeb99722df3eca84ab282ac418c7.pdf
تعارف
کنش گفتار
تحلیل صوری
زبان فارسی
زبان دوم
ceremonious politeness
performative utterance
formal sociology
Persian language
second language
per
دانشگاه گیلان
زبان فارسی و گویشهای ایرانی
2476-6585
2783-5499
2018-08-23
3
1
113
131
10.22124/plid.2018.5677.1050
3078
Original Article
مطالعۀ تاریخی سه جفتآوای خاص در گونۀ رودباریِ قلعهگنج (کرمان)
A Diachronic Study of Three Idiosyncratic Pair-sounds in Qaleganji Variant of Rudbari (Kerman)
سپهر صدیقی نژاد
s_seddiqi_nejad@yahoo.com
1
محمد مطلبی
motallebi51@yahoo.com
2
دانشجوی دکتری زبانشناسی همگانی، دانشگاه سیستان و بلوچستان
استادیار فرهنگ و زبان های باستانی دانشگاه شهید باهنر کرمان
در جنوب استان کرمان، گونههای متعددی از رودباری بهعنوان زیرشاخۀ گروه گویشهای بَشکَردی و گویشهای جدید ایرانی غربی جنوبی رواج دارند. سه جفتآوای خاص شامل جفتواکۀ مرکب فرودین [ʊə]-[ɪə]، جفتهمخوان لبیشدۀ [gw]-[xw] و جفتهمخوانِ لرزشی [ɾ]-[r] در واجگان رودباری به کار میروند. پژوهش حاضر به تعیین ارزش واجی آنها در واجگان رودباری امروز، و نیز بررسی تحولات آنها از ایرانی باستان تا رودباری امروز میپردازد. نتایج پژوهش نشان میدهد این سه جفتآوای منحصربهفرد در واجگان رودباری امروز دارای ارزش واجیاند و تحولات تاریخی آنها روندی کاملاً متمایز از زبان فارسی امروز ایران را پشت سر گذاشتهاست. بهعلاوه، در پارهای موارد باید به زبان فرضی رودباری میانه اشاره و به بازسازی واژههای موردنظر در آن پرداخت؛ وگرنه امکان پیگیری روند تحولات تاریخی برخی از آواهای مزبور میسر نیست. همچنین نتایج پژوهش حاضر آشکار میسازد جفتواکۀ مرکب فرودین [ʊə]-[ɪə] فقط مختص چند گونه از بلوچی رایج در ایران نیست، بلکه واجگان گویش رودباری نیز بهرهمند از آنهاست.
Extended abstract
1. Introduction
Rudbari (=RūdbAri) dialect is spoken in southern area of Kerman province. It is a sub-branch of Bashakardi (Baškardi) dialect group, and hence, genealogically belongs to the new south-west Iranian dialects. Rudbari's phonological system makes use of six idiosyncratic sounds which are nonexistence in today’s Persian including: the falling diphthongs of [ʊə]-[ɪə], the labialized consonants of [xw]-[gw], and the trilled consonants of [r]-[ɾ]. The present research, besides determining the phonological value of these sounds, basically tries to investigate their historical route of change from Old Iranian into present Rudbari.
2. Theoretical Framework
The present research mainly uses a descriptive framework, i.e. the research’s dialectal data have been investigated, described, and compared with their equivalent items in the previous historical linguistic periods using a historical-comparative method.
3. Methodology
This study exploits a combined use of fieldwork and library methodology. The linguistic corpus of Rudbari was mainly collected through interviewing with informants of Qal’eganj district, and the data related to the historical periods of Iranian languages were gathered from library resources. In historical investigation, there was no direct access to the word-forms of Middle Rudbari, and thus the Middle Persian word-forms were used instead, a language very close to the Middle Rudbari.
4. Results and Discussion
A-1- Phonological value of [ʊə]-[ ɪə] pair-vowels:
1) [ɪə]: Based on dialectal absolute minimal pairs, this vowel shows phonological contrast with the vowels of [i], [eɪ], and [e].
2) [ʊə]: Based on dialectal absolute minimal pairs, this vowel shows phonological contrast with the vowels of [u], [əʊ], and [o].
A-2- Historical change route of [ʊə]-[ ɪə] pair-vowels:
The Old Persian short diphthongs of [ai] and [au] have changed respectively into [ē] and [ō] in Middle Persian and Dari Persian. From Dari Persian, they have changed into [ī] and [ū] in Modern Persian. Despite this phonological change tendency, in Rudbari [ē] has mainly changed into the falling diphthong of [ɪə], and symmetrically, [ō] has been replaced by the falling diphthong of [ʊə].
Besides, we observed that alongside with general change rule of ē → [ɪə], the phonological change rule of ē → [i],[eʊ],[e] has occurred in some Rudbari words, as well. Also, in some few cases, the phonological change rule of ō → [u],[əʊ],[o] has occurred besides the main change rule of ō → [ʊə].
In this regard, Okati et. al (2012) claim that diphthongization is an intr-lingual and innate process limited to some Balochi dialects, with Khashi dialect at the center of this process. Findings of the present study openly contradicts the above claim.
B-1- Phonological value of [gw]-[xw] pair-consonants:
1) [xw]: Based on dialectal absolute minimal pairs, this consonant shows phonological contrast with the consonants of [x] and [w].
2) [gw]: Based on dialectal absolute minimal pairs, this consonant shows phonological contrast with the consonants of [g] and [w].
B-2- Historical change route of [gw]-[xw] pair-consonants:
1) [xw]: The Old Iranian [hw] has arrived to the Old Persian and has changed into [xw] in Middle Persian which is found persistent in Dari Persian. [xw] has changed into [x] in Modern Persian, but Rudbari has preserved the labialized consonant of [xw] in its syllable’s onset positon.
The above general phonological change rule, has the two following counter examples:
a) The same as Baluchi, stems of “wAst-en” (to want) show a change of the Middle Persian [xw] into [w] in Rudbari, an evidence which proves that these verb stems are loan-words from Baluchi.
b) The same as Persian, in all inflectional forms of “xont-en” (to read), the Middle Persian [xw] has changed into [x] in Rudbari, an argument reinforcing the possibility of its being imposed from Persian to Rudbari.
2) [gw]: It’s a change from the Initial [w] in Middle Persian. This change, through an intra-lingual process, has occurred in the syllable onsets having [a] and [A] as their vowel peaks. Nonetheless, some counter-examples show that besides the above general phonological change rule, the w → [b], [g] change rule has occurred in Rudbari.
Besides Rudbari and Bashkardi Dialects Group, this change can be seen in Baluchi, as well. Also, in ‘Translated Quran’, known as “Quds Quran”, the initial [w] has changed into [gw] or [g]. Yet, in some cases, it has changed into [g] in PAzand texts.
C-1- Phonological value of [r]-[ɾ] pair-consonants:
Based on dialectal absolute minimal pairs, these sounds show phonological contrast with each other.
C-2- Historical change route of [r]- [ɾ] pair-consonants:
1) [r]: The Old Iranian [rn] consonant cluster has changed into [rr] in Middle and Dari Persians. However, it has changed into trilled [r] in Rudbari.
2) [ɾ]: Perhaps one can say that the Old Iranian intervocalic [r] (= VrV) is the source of flapped [ɾ] in Rudbari.
5. Conclusions and Suggestions
This research shows that these sounds have undergone far different change routes from those of Standard Persian so that it has resulted in using six idiosyncratic phonemes in Rudbari phonological system. The general tendency of Middle Persian [ē]-[ō] monophthongs changing into the falling and phonological diphthongs of [ɪə]-[ʊə] in Rudbari, are among these differences in change procedures which could not be found in any Iranian languages and dialects, except in some Baluchi variants. Other idiosyncratic changes include using the labialized pair-consonants of [xw]-[gw] in Rudbari’s syllable’s onset with a phonological value and function. Besides, parallel and phonological use of trill-flapped pair consonants of [ɾ]-[r] in Rudbari’s phonological system depicts the idiosyncratic phonological changes in this dialect.
https://zaban.guilan.ac.ir/article_3078_edf66c2bdcfed0f00f45c5933cbe28e2.pdf
گویش رودباری
واجشناسی تاریخی
واکۀ مرکب
همخوان لبیشده
همخوان لرزشی
Rudbari Dialect
historical phonology
Falling Diphthong
Labialized Consonant
Trilled Consonant
per
دانشگاه گیلان
زبان فارسی و گویشهای ایرانی
2476-6585
2783-5499
2018-08-23
3
1
133
155
10.22124/plid.2018.8864.1200
3079
Original Article
پیبستها و پیشبستهای ضمیری در گویش ابوزیدآبادی
Proclitic and Enclitic Pronouns in Abuzeidabadi Dialect
سیدطیب رزاقی
tayyeb333@yahoo.com
1
دانشآموختة دکتری زبان و ادبیات فارسی، دبیر آموزش و پرورش شهرستان کاشان، ایران
پیبستها و پیشبستهای ضمیری، صرفنظر از جایگاه، نقشهای مختلف نحوی دارند. در گویش ابوزیدآبادی سه ضمیر پیبستی و یک ضمیر پیشبستی وجود دارند. پیبستهای فاعلی، مانند فارسی، در پایان اغلب نمودهای فعلی، بهجز ماضی متعدی ظاهر میشوند ولی برخلاف فارسی در ماضی متعدی نقش پیبست مفعولی و متممی دارند. افزونبراین میتوانند بیانگر شمار مفرد و جمع، و بهویژه در سوم شخص مفرد، بیانگر جنس دستوری مفعول نیز باشند. گروه دیگر پیبستهای شخصیاند که بهجز ملکیت در فعلهای ماضی متعدی، به غیر از استمراری، عاملاند. این پیبستها میتوانند میزبان اکثر واژههای جمله باشند. گروه چهارم پیشبستهایی هستند که در فعل ماضی استمراری متعدی، کنندة کار و در مضارع اخباری و التزامی متعدی در نقش مفعولی ظاهر میشوند، درنتیجه، غالب جملههایی که در آنها از فعل متعدی استفاده میشود دو مفعولی هستند و براساس ساختار ارگتیو، مفعول در شمار و جنس با فعل مطابقت دارد. پیبستها نقش عمدهای در آشکار ساختن واکه یا همخوانِ پایانیِ حذف شده دارند.
Extended abstract
1. Introduction
A considerable number of central Iranian dialects are spoken in the cities and villages around Kashan, Isfahan Province, Iran. Abuzeidabadi is one of these dialects which is spoken in Abuzeidabad located in the district of Kavirat, about 33 kms from the south east of Kashan. It is a part of Aran and Bidgol, Isfahan Province, Iran. According to 1390's census, the population of the district of Kavirat was 13509.
Except for other unique properties, the existence and use of four types of proclitic and enclitic pronouns are of considerable peculiarities of Abuzeidabadi dialect which is also the subject of this study.
2. Theoretical framework
Like other Iranian languages and dialects, this dialect has its own features and peculiarities. Abuzeidabadi is clearly different from Persian in many respects. One of the main sources of these differences is that Persian belongs to the group of south-west Iranian languages while Abuzeidabadi is a member of the north-west Iranian languages. Among these differences can be seen in the pronoun system of these two languages. The pronouns of Abuzeidabadi are different from Persian and are more freely added to their hosts.
3. Methodology
The basis of this study was mainly the researcher's personal experience of teaching Persian grammar at high schools and also his intuition as the native speaker of this dialect together with library and field studies.
4. Results and discussion
A thorough analysis of Abuzeidabadi verb system reveals that four different kinds of pronouns are used in this language variety. First, personal enclitics which in addition to possessiveness, in past tenses make the verbs transitive and are normally used after prefixes and before past verbal roots such as b-am-kä(rd) (I did). These clitics can use noun phrases, propositional phrases, propositions, direct and indirect objects, imperative and negative morphemes, transitive verb roots, adverbs, some questions words the nominal part of compounds and transitive and intransitive verbs as their host.
In the second group we have the subjective enclitics which like their Persian equivalents are attached to the end of the verbs. These clitics are only seen in third person singular of some Persian moods such as intransitive and transitive future and past intransitive forms.
The members of the third group are the same subjective enclitics of the second group with just this difference that in addition to their main function, they can also hold objective functions. bē- šüd-u (He take-past- me; He took me), piy-am-vest-I (hit-I-you; I hit you) are two examples of this category. These enclitics which look like subjects but represent objective functions are called subjective-objective clitics.
The fourth group includes pronouns which against the enclitics are normally used before the verbs. The proclitic pronouns are prefix like and in transitive past progressive have the syntactic role of subject and with transitive present progressive verbs play the role of direct or indirect objects. Examples are mä- rūt (I was selling), dä- sâj-u (I am building you), and bə-yä- vun-u (I may bring it).
5. Conclusions and suggestions
The results of this study show that in Abuzeidabadi dialect three enclitic and one proclitic pronouns can be seen. Like Persian, enclitic subjects are often present at terminal verbal forms with the exception of transitive past forms in which they function as objective pronouns or complements of their verbs. They can also represent singularity and plurality, and in third person singular they might be the sign of grammatical object's gender.
The third group includes personal enclitics which can choose all types of words as their hosts except for the verbs. The fourth group contains proclitics which play the role of agent and doer of the action in transitive past progressive verbs and object in present progressive and mozare eltezami. Most of the sentences with transitive verbs receive two objects and according to the ergative structure agree with the verbs in number and gender.
https://zaban.guilan.ac.ir/article_3079_23e6590e5df25c71169aae580fbf2dcb.pdf
پیبستها و پیشبستهای ضمیری
گویش ابوزیدآبادی
ناحیة مرکزی ایران
pronoun enclitic and proclitics
Abuzeidabad
Abuzeidabadi
Central Iran